It might be that some of these families paid house rents on farms beside the land rent, as Dr. Spahr has shown; while some others might pay simply house rents, and thus offset each other, making the above sum correct. Footnote 148: “For a share in product” is an initial form of serfdom pure and simple. Footnote 149: Enc. of Soc. Reform, pp. 606-7. Footnote 150: Also here, p. 125. Footnote 151: Enc. of Soc. Reform, pp. 606-7. Footnote 152: World Almanac, 1900, p. 174. Footnote 153: Here, see foot-note, p. 150. Footnote 154: Table of profits, here, p. 101. Footnote 155: Includes the increase of $310,001,619 by the railroad, telegraph and telephone monopolies, p. 162. Footnote 156: Excludes net incomes of the artificial gas companies and those of the non-national banks (beside mortgages) as not given in the table on p. 101. See foot note, pp. 150, 167, 168. Footnote 157: Includes the house rent on farms and that of the increased population, pp. 149, 164. Footnote 158: Includes the rent of land paid by the increased populations, p. 165. Footnote 159: This amount of double taxes is calculated to have been fully paid for 7 years on the net incomes here stated, and on all the property these trusts, etc., have had in the beginning of 1891 and after, according to the tax rates to be here indicated. Footnote 160: Compare tables, here, on pp. 42 and 47. Footnote 161: Mr. Mallock’s “Classes and Masses” (1896.) Footnote 162: Enc. of Soc. Reform, p. 1392. Footnote 163: His work on “Social Elements,” p. 162. Footnote 164: “Statistics of Railways, 1890,” p. 58. Footnote 165: I italicized the words. Footnote 166: Dr. Spahr, ibid., pp. 41, 42. The total capitalization of railroads in 1890 was represented by $9,437,300,000, while the total investment amounted to only $3,714,400,000. And Mr. Van Oss stated that “shares now return at least 18 per cent per annum on the actual investment.” Ibidem. Footnote 167: Dr. Spahr, ibid., p. 143. The total incomes in the table of taxes above represented are gross incomes. Footnote 168: Statistics, World Almanac, 1899, p. 165. Footnote 169: Dr. Spahr, “Present Distribution of Wealth in the United States,” p. 143-4. Footnote 170: Ib., p. 156-7. Footnote 171: “Extra Census Bulletin No. 70” represents taxes on property $465,000,000 including corporations for 1890 Licenses, poll taxes, etc. (about) 50,000,000 ------------ Total (the same as that contained above) $515,000,000 The Bulletin adds that “three-fourths of this tax falls upon the relatively poorer classes.” Dr. Spahr, ibid., p. 156. Footnote 172: See here, pp. 64, 65, 68, 72. Footnote 173: Dr. Spahr, ibid., pp. 157, 158. Footnote 174: The World Almanac, 1899, p. 164. Mr. Upton, here, p. 27. Footnote 175: