Owen’s observations have, no doubt, considerable value; I would prefer, however, the most recent of the craniological systems, which is at the same time, in many ways, the most ingenious, I mean that of the American scholar Morton, adopted by Carus.[54] In outline this is as follows: To show the difference of races, Morton and Carus started from the idea, that the greater the size of the skull, the higher the type to which the individual belonged, and they set out to investigate whether the development of the skull is equal in all the human races. To solve this question, Morton took a certain number of heads belonging to whites, Mongols, negroes, and Redskins of North America. He stopped all the openings with cotton, except the _foramen magnum_, and completely filled the inside with carefully dried grains of pepper. He then compared the number of grains in each. This gave him the following table: ┌────────────────────┬─────────┬───────┬───────┬───────┐ │ │Number of│Average│Maximum│Minimum│ │ │ skulls │number │number │number │ │ │measured.│ of │ of │ of │ │ │ │grains.│grains.│grains.│ ├────────────────────┼─────────┼───────┼───────┼───────┤ │White races │ 52│ 87│ 109│ 75│ │Yellow races│Mongols│ 10│ 83│ 93│ 69│ │ │Malays │ 18│ 81│ 89│ 64│ │Redskins │ 147│ 82│ 100│ 60│ │Negroes │ 29│ 78│ 94│ 65│ └────────────────────┴─────────┴───────┴───────┴───────┘ The results set down in the first two columns are certainly very curious. On the other hand, I attach little importance to those in the last two; for if the extraordinary variations from the average in the second column are to have any real significance, Morton should have taken a far greater number of skulls, and further, have given details as to the social position of those to whom the skulls belonged. He was probably able to procure, in the case of the whites and the Redskins, heads which had belonged to men at any rate above the lowest level of society, while it is not likely that he had access to the skulls of negro chiefs, or of Chinese mandarins. This explains how he has been able to assign the number 100 to an American Indian, while the most intelligent Mongol whom he has examined does not rise above 93, and is thus inferior even to the negro, who reaches 94. Such results are a mere matter of chance. They are quite incomplete and unscientific; in such questions, however, one cannot be too careful to avoid judgments founded merely on individual cases. I am inclined therefore to reject altogether the second half of Morton’s calculations.