[49] _Facultas_ is the translation of δύναμις in its meaning of an art or a branch of knowledge, which is found in Epictetus and elsewhere, e.g. _Diss._ 1. 8. tit., 8, 15, chiefly of logic or rhetoric: a writer of the end of the third century draws a distinction between δυνάμεις and τέχναι, and classes rhetoric under the former: Menander, Περὶ ἐπιδεικτικῶν, in Walz, _Rhett. Gr._ vol. ix. 196. [50] Instances of this practice are: (1) _grammaticus_, in Hispania Tarraconensis, _Corpus Inscr. Lat._ ii. 2892, 5079; _magister artis grammaticæ_, at Saguntum, _ibid._ 3872; _magister grammaticus Græcus_, at Cordova, _ibid._ 2236; _grammaticus Græcus_, at Trier, _Corpus Inscr. Rhenan._ 801: (2) _philosophus_, in Greece, _Corpus Inscr. Græc._ 1253; in Asia Minor, _ibid._ 3163 (dated A.D. 211), 3198, 3865, _add._ 4366 _t_ 2; in Egypt, _ibid._ 4817; sometimes with the name of the school added, e.g. at Chæronea, φιλόσοφον Πλατωνικόν, _ibid._ 1628; at Brundisium, _philosophus Epicureus_, _ibid._ 5783. [51] Marcus Aurelius himself nominated Theodotus to be “Regius Professor of Rhetoric,” but he entrusted the nomination of the Professors of Philosophy to Herodes Atticus, Philostrat. _V. S._ 2. 3, p. 245; and Commodus nominated Polydeuces, _ibid._ 2. 12, p. 258. [52] Lucian, _Eunuchus_, 3, after mentioning the endowment of the chairs, says, ἔδει δὲ ἀποθανόντος ἀυτῶν τινος ἄλλον ἀντικαθίστασθαι δοκιμασθέντα _ψήφῳ τῶν ἀρίστων_, which last words have been variously understood: see the treatises mentioned above, note 1, p. 38, especially Ahrens, p. 74, Zumpt, p. 28. In the case of Libanius, there was a ψήφισμα (Liban. _de fort. sua_, vol. i. p. 59), which points to an assimilation of Athenian usage in his time to that which is mentioned in the following note. [53] This was fixed by a law of Julian in 362, which, however, states it as a concession on the part of the Emperor: “quia singulis civitatibus adesse ipse non possum, jubeo quisquis docere vult non repente nec temere prosiliat ad hoc munus sed judicio ordinis probatus decretum curialium mereatur, optimorum conspirante consilio,” _Cod. Theodos._ 13. 3. 5; but the nomination was still sometimes left to the Emperor or his chief officer, the prefect of the city. This has an especial interest in connection with the history of St. Augustine: a request was sent from Milan to the prefect of the city at Rome for the nomination of a _magister rhetoricæ_: St. Augustine was sent, and so came under the influence of St. Ambrose, S. Aug. _Confess._ 5. 13. [54] This is mentioned in a law of Gordian: “grammaticos seu oratores decreto ordinis probatos, si non se utiles studentibus præbeant, denuo ab eodem ordine reprobari posse incognitum non est,” _Cod. Justin._ 10. 52. 2. A professor was sometimes removed for other reasons besides incompetency, e.g. Prohæresius was removed by Julian for being a Christian, Eunap. _Prohæres._ p. 92.