[421] These conceptions of the earliest Christian philosophers are stated, in order to be modified, by Origen, _de princ._ 2. 5. 1: existimant igitur bonitatem affectum talem quemdam esse quod bene fieri omnibus debeat etiam si indignus sit is cui beneficium datur nec bene consequi mereatur.... Justitiam vero putarunt affectum esse talem qui unicuique prout meretur retribuat ... ut secundum sensum ipsorum justus malis non videatur bene velle sed velut odio quodam ferri adversus eos. [422] The title of Marcion’s chief work was Ἀντιθέσεις, ‘Contrasts’: the extent to which his opinions prevailed is shown both by contemporary testimony, e.g. Justin M. _Apol._ 1. 26, ὃς κατὰ πᾶν γένος ἀνθρώπων διὰ τῆς τῶν δαιμόνων συλλήψεως πολλοὺς πεποίηκε βλασφημίας λέγειν, Iren. 3. 3. 4, and also by the fact that the Churches into which his adherents were organized flourished side by side with the Catholic Churches for many centuries (there is an inscription of one of them, dated A.D. 318, in Le Bas et Waddington, vol. iii. No. 2558, and they had not died out at the time of the Trullan Council in A.D. 692, _Conc. Quinisext._ c. 95): the importance which was attached to him is shown by the large place which he occupies in early controversies, Justin Martyr, Irenæus, the Clementines, Origen, Tertullian, being at pains to refute him. [423] Iren. 3. 25. 2. [424] Tert. c. _Marc._ 2. 11, 12. [425] _Homil._ 4. 13; 9. 19; 18. 2, 3. [426] _Recogn._ 3. 37. [427] Especially _Pædag._ 1. 8, 9. [428] See below, p. 233. [429] ap. Tert. _c. Marc._ 2. 5. [430] _Apol._ 2. 7. [431] Tatian, _Orat. ad Græc._ 7. [432] Iren. 4. 37. [433] _Ad Autol._ 2. 27. [434] _Legat._ 31. [435] _c. Marc._ 2. 5. [436] E.g. Clem. Alex. _Pædag._ 1. 1, Origen, _de princ._ 2. 10. 6; _c. Cels._ 6. 56: so also Tert. _Scorp._ 5. [437] Origen, _de princ._ 2. 9. 5. [438] The passage which follows is, with the exception of one extract from the _contra Celsum_, a catena of extracts from the _de principiis_. [439] _De princ._ 1. 6. 2. [440] 1. 8. 2; 2. 9. 7. [441] 2. 9. 6. [442] 1. 8. 4. [443] 1. 5. 5; 1. 6. 2. [444] 3. 1. 4. [445] 3. 1. 5. [446] 1. 5. 2, 5. [447] 1. 6. 2. [448] 1. 6. 3. [449] 3. 3. 5; 3. 5. 3. [450] 3. 1. 20, 21: but sometimes beings of higher merit are assigned to a lower grade, that they may benefit those who properly belong to that grade, and that they themselves may be partakers of the patience of the Creator, 2. 9. 7. [451] 1. 2. 1. [452] _c. Cels._ 6. 56; _de princ._ 2. 10. [453] _De princ._ 3. 1. 14, 17. [454] 3. 6. 3. [455] Cf. Justin, _Dial. c. Tryph._ 2. [456] The more common conception of the earliest Greek philosophy was that of τὰς ἐνδιηκούσας τοῖς στοιχείοις ἢ τοῖς σώμασι δυνάμεις, Aetius ap. Stob. _Ecl. Phys._ 2. 29. [457] The form in which it is given by Sextus Empiricus, in whose time the distinction was clearly understood, implies this: ἓν εἶναι τὸ πάν καὶ τὸν θεόν συμφιῆ πᾶσι, _Pyrrh. Hypotyp._ 225.