[473] The necessity for such intermediate links is not affected by the question how far, outside the Platonic schools, there was a belief in a real transcendence of God, or only in His existence outside the solar system. In this connection, note the allegory in the _Phædrus_. The Epicureans coarsely expressed the transcendence of God by the expression, διῄρηται ἡ οὐσία, Sext. Emp. _Pyrrh._ p. 114, § 5; cf. Ocellus Lucanus, cited above, p. 242. Hippolytus describes Aristotle’s _Metaphysics_ as dealing with things beyond the moon, 7. 19, p. 354; cf. Origen’s idea of the heavens in _de princ._ ii. 3, 7, and Celsus’ objection that Christians misunderstand Plato by confusing his heaven with the Jewish heavens. Origen, _c. Cels._ vi. 19; cf. Keim, p. 84. [474] Benn, _Greek Philosophers_, 2. 252. [475] Cf. Hesiod in Sext. Emp. ix. 86. Similarly, Thales, τὸ πᾶν ἔμψυχον ἅμα καὶ δαιμόνων πλῆρες (Diels, 301); Pythagoras, Empedocles in Hippolytus, διοικοῦντες τὰ κατὰ τὴν γῆν (Diels, 558); Plato and the Stoics (Diels, 307), e.g. Plutarch, Epictetus, 1. 14. 12; 3. 13. 15 (Diels, 1307); Athenagoras, 23; Philo, ii. 635; Frag. ap. Eus. _Præp. Evan._ 8. 13; see references in Keim’s _Celsus_, p. 120; cf. Wachsmuth, _Die Ansichten der Stoiker über Mantik u. Dämonen_, Berlin, 1860. [476] Philo, _de confus. ling._ 20 (i. 419). [477] _De post. Cain._ 6 (i. 229). [478] _De somn._ 1. 11 (i. 630). [479] _Ibid._ 1. 41 (i. 656). [480] _De profug._ 1 (i. 547); so _de Cherub._ 1 (i. 139). [481] _Leg. Alleg._ 3. 62 (i. 122). [482] _De somn._ 1. 15 (i. 633). [483] _Ibid._ 1. 33 (i. 649). [484] _Quis rer. div. her._ 42 (i. 501). [485] _De sacrif. Abel. et Cain._ 18 (i. 175), ὁ γὰρ θεὸς λέγων ἅμα ἐποίει μηδὲν μεταξὺ ἀμφοῖν τιθείς· εἰ δὲ χρὴ δόγμα κινεῖν ἀληθέστερον, ὁ λόγος ἔργον αὐτοῦ: _de decem orac._ 11 (ii. 188), commenting on the expression of the LXX. in Exodus xx. 18, ὁ λαὸς ἑώρα τὴν φωνήν, he justifies it on the ground ὅτι ὅσα ἂν λέγῃ ὁ θεὸς οὐ ῥήματά ἐστιν ἀλλ’ ἔργα, ἅπερ ὀφθαλμοὶ πρὸ ὤτων διορίζουσι: _de mund. opif._ 6 (i. 5), οὐδὲν ἂν ἕτερον εἴποι τὸν νοητὸν εἶναι κόσμον ἢ θεοῦ λόγον ἤδη κοσμοποιοῦντος. [486] The word σκία seems to be used, in relation to the _Logos_, not of the shadow cast by a solid object in the sunlight, but rather, as in Homer, _Odyss._ 10. 495, and frequently in classical writers, of a ghost or phantom: hence God is the παράδειγμα, the substance of which the _Logos_ is the unsubstantial form, _Leg. Alleg._ 3. 31 (i. 106): hence also σκία is used as convertible with εἰκών (_ibid._), in its sense of either a portrait-statue or a reflexion in a mirror: in _de confus. ling._ 28 (i. 427), the _Logos_ is the _eternal_ εἰκών of God. [487] _De somn._ 1. 41 (i. 656). [488] _Quod det. pot. ins._ 23 (i. 207). [489] _De agric._ 12 (i. 308): _de confus. ling._ 28 (i. 427): spoken of as γεννηθείς, _ibid._ 14 (i. 414).