[Illustration: Fig. 241.--Larva of Psyche graminella.] [Illustration: Fig. 242.--Psyche graminella.] [Illustration: VII. The Goat-moth (_Cossus ligniperda_). Larva, pupa, and perfect insect. 1, 2. Perfect insect. 3. Pupa. 4. Larva.] We give a representation (in Figs. 237, 239, and 240) of the cases of the caterpillars of three different kinds. The females of these moths are completely destitute of wings, and resemble caterpillars. As a general rule they hardly ever leave their case. The males (Figs. 238, 242) are of a blackish grey, and fly very swiftly. The caterpillars of the genus _Hepialus_ are difficult to observe, as they live in the interior of the roots of various vegetables. Such is the common Ghost Moth (_Hepialus humuli_), which sometimes causes the greatest damage. [Illustration: Fig. 243.--Zeuzera æsculi.] The type of the genus _Zeuzera_ is _Zeuzera æsculi_, or Wood Leopard (Fig. 243). It has white wings with large blackish blue spots on the anterior, and small black spots on the posterior wings. The caterpillar, of a vivid yellow, spotted with black, lives in the interior of the trunks of a great many trees, principally the chestnut, the elm, the lime, and the pear tree. This moth, which is known also by the name of Coquette, is to be seen in the evening flying about the public gardens of Paris, and is not rare in England. The most celebrated species of the allied genus _Cossus_ is the Wood-boring Goat Moth (_Cossus ligniperda_), figured in the opposite plate. The moth has a heavy brownish body and greyish wings streaked with black. It is found in most parts of Europe. The caterpillar is of a reddish colour, as if it had on a leathern jerkin, and disgorges a liquid which is believed to soften ligneous fibres, and it lives in the interior of willows and other trees. It was on this caterpillar that Lyonnet made his admirable anatomical researches. [Illustration: Fig. 244.--Larva of Dicranura vinula.] [Illustration: Fig. 245.--Dicranura vinula.] Another tribe of _Bombycina_ comprises some very strange caterpillars, whose hindermost feet are changed into forked prolongations, which they move about in a threatening manner. These sort of fly-traps are perhaps meant to keep at a distance those insects which would lay their eggs upon the caterpillar's body. The caterpillars of _Dicranura_ are of this kind. We give a representation of the caterpillar and the moth of the Puss Moth (_Dicranura vinula_, Figs. 244, 245), as also the moth of the _Dicranura verbasci_, the former of which is common in England, and the larva may be found during the late summer and early autumn feeding on poplars and willows; and of the caterpillar of _Stauropus fagi_, the Lobster Moth (Fig. 247), rare in France, whose appearance is strange indeed. The moths, on the contrary, have nothing about them remarkable. [Illustration: Fig. 246.--Dicranura verbasci.] [Illustration: Fig. 247.--Larva of the Lobster Moth (_Stauropus fagi_).]