[111] For a more detailed discussion of this disciplinary disparity between business and industrial occupations, cf. _The Theory of Business Enterprise_, ch. iv, viii and ix. [112] Cf., e. g., Harrington Emerson, _Efficiency as a Basis for Operation and Wages_, ch. i, iv. [113] Such is tacitly assumed to be the nature of modern economic life in the current theoretical formulations of the economists, who make the theory of exchange value the central and controlling doctrine in their theoretical systems, and who with easy conviction trace this value back to an individualistic ground in the doctrines of differential utility--“marginal utility.” [114] Apart from scattered and progressively inconsequential manifestations of this canon of pecuniary equity in the European community at large, there occurs a quaint and well-defined application of it in the practice of “_hólmgangr_” in late pagan and early Christian times among the Scandinavian peoples. The “wager of battle” is probably of the same derivation, at least in part. [115] Cf. Frederic Barnard Hawley, _Enterprise and the Productive Process_, for an extreme, mature and consistent development of this tenet. [116] See _The Theory of Business Enterprise_, ch. iv, vi, vii, for a more detailed discussion of this business traffic and the working principles which govern it. See also H. J. Davenport, _The Economics of Enterprise_ (New York, 1913). [117] Cf., e. g., Ehrenberg, _Das Zeitalter der Fugger_; Sombart, _Der Moderne Kapitalismus_, bk. i. [118] Cf. _The Theory of the Leisure Class_, ch. iv, v, vi. [119] Cf. Harrington Emerson, _Efficiency as a Basis for Operation and Wages_. [120] Cf., e. g., Karl Bücher, _Die Entstehung der Volkswirtschaft_, (3d ed.), ch. iv, “Die gewerblichen Betriebssysteme,” ch. v. “Der Niedergang des Handwerks;” W. J. Ashley, _English Economic History and Theory_, part ii, ch. i, sec. 25, ch. iii, especially sec. 44; W. Cunningham, _The Growth of English Industry and Commerce_, vol. ii, Introduction; Werner Sombart, _Der Moderne Kapitalismus_, bk. i, especially ch. iv-xii.