[150] All this, of course, neither ignores nor denies the substantial part which the _jus gentium_ and the _jus naturale_ of the Roman jurists and their commentators have played in the formulation of the system of Natural Rights. In point of pedigree the line of derivation of these legal principles is doubtless substantially as set forth authentically by the jurists who have spent their competent endeavors on that matter. So far as regards the English-speaking communities this pedigree runs back to Locke, and through Locke to the line of jurists and philosophers on whom that great scholar has drawn; while for the promulgation of the like system of principles more at large the names of Grotius, Pufendorf, Althusius doubtless have all the significance commonly assigned them. See pp. 290–293 above. [151] Unless the “Syndicalist” movement is to be taken as something sufficiently definite in its principles to make it an exception to the rule. [152] Cf., e. g., Anna Youngman, _The Economic Causes of Great Fortunes_, especially ch. vi; R. Ehrenburg, _Grosse Vermögen_; Ida Tarbell, _History of the Standard Oil Company_. [153] Cf. a paper “On the Nature of Capital” in the _Quarterly Journal of Economics_, November, 1908. [154] As late as Adam Smith’s time “manufacturer” still retained its etymological value and designated the workman who made the goods. But from about that time, that is to say since the machine process and the business control of industry have thoroughly taken effect, the term no longer has a technological connotation but has taken on a pecuniary (business) signification wholly; so that the term now designates a businessman who stands in none but a pecuniary relation to the processes of industry. The following pages contain advertisements of books by the same author or on kindred subjects By the Same Author _The Theory of the Leisure Class_ An Economic Study of Institutions _Cloth, 12mo, $2.00 net_ _Macmillan Standard Library Edition, $0.50 net_ EXTRACT FROM PREFACE It is the purpose of this inquiry to discuss the place and value of the leisure class as an economic factor in modern life, but it has been found impracticable to confine the discussion strictly within the limits so marked out. Some attention is perforce given to the origin and the line of derivation of the institution, as well as to features of social life that are not commonly classed as economic. TABLE OF CONTENTS