by a river called Tabrâ Nala, which divides into two the ancient city, and washes the foot of the citadel. The ease of confounding the β with λ in the manuscripts permits the correction of Tibernabon into Tibernalon. The essential part of the name is, moreover, Tabrâ, _nala_ being a designation common to small affluents. The resemblance of the two words Tabrânala and Tibernalos is at once apparent; the persistence of geographical names has nothing surprising in it, especially in India. The city of Takshaśila ought then to be placed definitely on the banks of the Tabrânala (a small affluent of the Haro, which bends its course to the Indus, into which it falls twelve miles below Attock) in the position proposed by General Cunningham.” Taxila, as Alexander found it, was very populous, and possessed of almost incredible wealth. Pliny states that it was situated on a level where the hills sink down into the plain, while Strabo praises the soil as extremely fertile from the number of its springs and water-courses. The Chinese pilgrim, Hwen Thsiang, by whom it was visited in 630 A.D., and afterwards in 643, confirms what Strabo has reported. Taxila, which in Ptolemy’s _Geography_ appears as _Taxiala_, represents either the Sanskrit Takshaśilâ, _i.e._ “hewn stone,” or, more probably, Takshakaśilâ, _i.e._ “Rock of Takshaka,” the great Nâga King. Others, however, take it to represent the Pali Takkasila, _i.e._ the rock of the Takkas, a powerful tribe which anciently occupied the regions between the Indus and the Chenâb (v. _Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society_, vol. xx. p. 343). The famous Aśôka, the grandson of Chandragupta (Sandrokottos), resided in Taxila during the lifetime of his father, Vindusâra, as viceroy of the Panjâb. About the beginning of the second century B.C. Taxila appears to have formed part of the dominions of the Graeco-Baktrian king, Eukratides. In 126 B.C. it was wrested from the Greeks by the Sus or Abars, with whom it remained for about three-quarters of a century, when it was conquered by the Kushân tribe under the great Kanishka. In the year 42 A.D. it is said to have been visited by Apollonios of Tyana and his companion, the Assyrian Damis, who wrote a narrative of the journey, which Philostratos professes to have followed in his life of Apollonios. In 400 A.D. it was visited by Fa-Hian, who calls it Chu-sha-shi-lo, _i.e._ “the severed head,” the usual name by which Taxila was known to the Buddhists of India (_v._ Cunningham’s _Anc. Geog. of India_, pp. 104-121). [Illustration: FIG. 15.—EUKRATIDES.] NOTE J.—SITE OF ALEXANDER’S CAMP ON THE HYDASPÊS