The names of these two warlike tribes are very frequently conjoined in the narratives of the historians. In Sanskrit works they appear as the Mâlava and the Kshudraka, and a verse of the _Mahâbhârata_ combines them in a single appellation, _Kshudrakamâlava_. They are mentioned in combination by Pânini also as two Bahîka people of the north-west. Arrian (_Indika_, c. iv.) places the Oxydrakai on the Hydaspês _above_ its confluence with the Akesinês. It is doubtful, however, that this was their real position. Bunbury inclines to think that they lay on the east or left bank of the Satlej—the province of Bahawalpur—and that they may very well have extended as far as the junction of the Satlej with the Indus and the neighbourhood of Uchh. General Cunningham, he adds, is alone in placing the Oxydracae to the north of the Malli. That author has, however, the _Indika_ to support his view. Their name in the classics appears in various forms, Strabo and Stephanos Byz. calling them _Hydrakai_, Pliny _Sydracae_, and Diodôros _Syrakousai_. Strabo says they were reported to be the descendants of Bacchos because the vine grew in their country, and because their kings displayed great pomp in setting out on their warlike expeditions after the Bacchic manner (XV. i. 8). They are no doubt to be identified with the Śudras, whose name in early times did not denote a caste, as it did afterwards, but a tribe of aborigines, or, at all events, a tribe of non-Aryan origin. The final _ka_ in the Greek form of their name is a common Sanskrit suffix to ethnic names given or withheld at random. The single combat between Dioxippos and a Macedonian bravo called Horratas took place after a great banquet at which Alexander entertained the envoys of the Oxydrakai. The territory of the Malloi was of great extent, comprehending a part of the Doâb formed by the Akesinês and the Hydraôtês, and extending, according to Arrian (_Indika_, c. iv.), to the confluence of the Akesinês and the Indus. In the _Mahâbhârata_ they figure as a great people, being there distinguished into the Eastern, Southern, and Western Mâlavas (_Mahâbh._ vi. 107). They are mentioned also in the inscription of Samudragupta (of the first half of the third century A.D.) among other peoples of the Panjâb who were subject to the King of Madhya-desha (_v._ V. de Saint-Martin, _Étude_, pp. 116-120). “These two races,” says Thirlwall (_History of Greece_, vii. 40), “were composed of widely different elements; for the name of one appears to have been derived from that of the Sudra caste; and it is certain that the Brahmins were predominant in the other. We can easily understand why they did not intermarry and were seldom at peace with each other.” The feud, however, may have been one of race rather than of caste, though no doubt the distinctions of caste originated in difference of race. NOTE Q.—THE CAPITAL OF THE MALLOI