The phrase _Iudaica superstitione imbuti_, already quoted, shows what the term would be likely to suggest to Roman minds. In Diocletian’s time, when the Persians were the arch-enemies of Rome, and Persian doctrine in the form of Manicheism was widely spread over the empire, the emperors did not hesitate to call themselves _Persicus_. But _Persicus_ never meant an adherent of a religious sect. Footnote 331: _Idumaea_ is used for _Iudaea_ in Statius Silvae, iii. 138; v. 2, 138; Valerius Flaccus, Argon. 12. CHAPTER XIX THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ROMAN JEWISH COMMUNITY Footnote 332: Philo, Leg. ad Gaium, 24. Footnote 333: We may compare such expressions as _magica arte infecti_, Tac. Ann. ii. 2; Cic. Fin. III. ii. 9. Footnote 334: Long before the attempts made in the nineteenth century to rehabilitate all the generally acknowledged historical monsters, historians had looked askance at the portrait of Tiberius drawn by Tacitus. For a recent discussion, cf. Jerome, The Tacitean Tiberius, Class. Phil. vii. pp. 265 seq. Footnote 335: Suet. Tib. 36. The _mathematici_ are strictly the astrologers whose science was called μάθησις. Cf. the title of Firmicus Maternus, _Matheseos libri_. The governmental attempt to suppress the _mathematici_ was a total failure, but the law’s attitude toward them may be seen from the rescript of Diocletian (294 C.E.): _ars mathematica damnabilis interdicta est_ (Cod. Just. IX. xviii. 2). Footnote 336: Nero assigned Sardinia to the senate as ample satisfaction for Achaea, which he took under his own jurisdiction. Footnote 337: Acts xi. 26; xxvi. 28. Ιησοῦ χρήστου in the inscription quoted in n. 10. In this case the identification of names may be due to iotacism. Footnote 338: Cf. the well-known rhetorician Philostr. Vita. Soph. ii. 11, and in Rome itself Inscr. gr. Sic. et Ital. 1272; and _ibid._ 2417, 2. Footnote 339: The question of the authenticity and date of the Acts does not belong to this study. A thorough discussion will be found in Wendland, Die urchristlichen Literaturformen, 3rd p. 314 seq. Footnote 340: Acts xi. 19; xiii. 5, 50. Footnote 341: συναγωγή = ἐκκλησία. Le Bas, 2528 (318 C.E.), a Marcionite association. Footnote 342: There was a jurist Tertullian of whom some fragments have been preserved in the Digest (29, 2, 30; 49, 17, 4). He has on plausible grounds been assumed to be the same as the Church Father. There can be no question that the latter had legal training. As for the cruelties described by Tacitus, it may be said that Eusebius has no word of them, even in his denunciation of Nero. (Hist. Eccl. II. xxv.) Footnote 343: