In 311 C.E. Galerius, and in 318 C.E. Constantine and Licinius, legalized the practice of Christianity. In 380 C.E., by the edict of Thessalonica, most of the heathen practices became penal offenses. Footnote 407: Every state as such had its characteristic and legally established state ritual. Many centuries later Gladstone, then “the rising hope of the stern and unbending Tories,” stated, as a self-evident proposition, that a government in its collective capacity must profess a religion (The Church in its Relation to the State, 1839). Footnote 408: Cyprian. De catholicae ecclesiae unitate, ch. x. Footnote 409: Matth. v. 13. Cf. generally the Pauline Epistles, _e.g._ II. Corinth. xiii. 13. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ BIBLIOGRAPHY PERIODICALS The Jewish Quarterly Review: First Series, London, 1889-1900. Second Series, Philadelphia, 1910-date. Revue de études juives, Paris, 1880-date. Monatsschrift für Geschichte und Wissenschaft des Judentums, Breslau, 1851-date. ENCYCLOPEDIAS Jewish Encyclopedia: New York, 1901-1906. Encyclopedia Biblica: London, 1899. Hastings’ Dictionary of the Bible, 1901-1904. Hastings’ Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, 1908. Not yet completed. Daremberg-Saglio: Dictionnaire des antiquités grecques et romaines, 1877. Not yet completed. Pauly-Wissowa: Realenzyklopädie, 1894. Not yet completed. Schaff-Herzog-Hauck: Realenzyklopädie für protestantische Kirche und Theologie. 3d ed. Eng. tr. 1908. GENERAL REFERENCE BOOKS Grätz: Geschichte der Juden (1873-1895). Eng. tr., History of the Jews (1891). Schürer: Geschichte des jüdischen Volkes im Zeitalter Jesu Christi (4th ed.), 1901. Juster: Les juifs dans l’empire romain, 1914. Wendland: Die hellenistisch-römische Kultur in ihren Beziehungen zum Judentum und Christentum, 1912. Wendland-Poland-Baumgarten: Die hellenistische Kultur. Friedländer: Darstellungen aus der Sittengeschichte Roms. Leipzig (7th ed.). Eng. tr. London, 1909. Cumont: Les religions orientales dans le paganisme romain, 1912. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ INDEX Aboda Zara, 329. Abstraction, 42. Aelia Capitolina, 288, 342. Aeolian, 50. Africanus, the Younger, 45. Agatharchidas, 178. Agrippa I, king of the Jews, 283, 313. Agrippa II, king of the Jews, 290. Akiba, rabbi, 342. Akmonia, 327. Alexander (Jannai), king of the Jews, 274. Alexander Severus, Roman emperor, 346, 356. Alexander the Great, 37, 38, 52, 78, 212, 368. Alexandria, 91, 107 _seq._, 200, 229, 255, 339, 362. Allia, 252. Amalekites, 77. Antigonus, 128. Antigonus, king of the Jews, 267, 270. Antigonus of Socho, 128, 133, 386. Antinois, 107. Antioch, 119, 138, 282. Antiochus Cyzicenus, 63, 275.