[216] James, second Earl of Rosslyn (1762–1837), nephew of the Lord Chancellor, whom he succeeded in 1805. He had already served in Portugal, 1796–9, as second-in-command to Sir Charles Stuart. [217] The Russian Ambassador in England. [218] Lord Holland in the _Memoirs of the Whig Party_ maintained his entire disbelief in these rumours. [219] Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke (1765–1818), afterwards created Duc de Feltre. He was War Minister 1807–13, and held the same post under Louis XVIII. in 1815. It was said of him, ‘C’est l’homme d’épée qui doit le plus à sa plume.’ [220] The town of Gaeta was besieged by the French under Masséna, and capitulated before the Neapolitan and English forces, fresh from their victory at Maida, were able to intervene. By this capture, Masséna’s army of 18,000 was freed to make common cause with Regnier against the Calabrians, and as all hope of success in that quarter was thereby removed, Sir John Stuart withdrew his troops to Sicily. [221] Manuel de Godoy (1767–1851), Prime Minister of Spain. He obtained this title from having concluded the peace with France in 1795. [222] Spanish Ambassador in Paris. [223] Lord Howick was First Lord of the Admiralty, and Lord Henry Petty Chancellor of the Exchequer. [224] Ali Pacha, vizier of Janina (1744–1822), son of an Albanian chief. He made his name by cruelty and brigandage, and was appointed Governor of Trikala by the Turks for his assistance against Russia. He allied himself to Napoleon in 1797, and again in 1807, but went over to the English after the treaty of Tilsit. He made himself practically independent of the Turks, who decided to rid themselves of him, and having taken him prisoner, treacherously put him to death. [225] Two important points were at issue between England and the United States, and popular excitement had risen to such a pitch in the latter country that a non-importation order had been issued against British goods, to take effect on November 15. The first ground of complaint was the right claimed by England of searching and taking deserters out of American ships; the second, the practice of seizing ships engaged in the carrying trade between France and her colonies, although they had touched at a neutral port. [226] James Monroe (1758–1831) who took a leading part in the war of Secession and sat in the United States Senate from 1790 to 1794. He was then sent as Ambassador to Paris, but was recalled two years later. He was again sent there in 1802, and was employed for some years in London and Madrid. He returned to America after the refusal of Jefferson to ratify this treaty. He was appointed Secretary of State in 1811, and was elected President in 1816, a post which he retained until he retired from public life in 1825. He was the author of the message to Congress in 1823, embodying the principles known as the ‘Monroe doctrine.’