In contrast to these superficial boulder formations, the till sheets below are made up of a very large percentage of glacial clay whose constitution shows that it was produced in part by the grinding down of the paleozoic series. In this are imbedded boulders and pebbles that were derived from the paleozoic series as indicated by their petrological character, and, in many instances, demonstrated by contained fossils. While a small part of the boulders contained in the till are angular or but slightly worn, the larger part are blunted, bruised, scratched and polished by typical glacial action. This obvious grinding of the boulders, taken in connection with the clay product resulting from the grinding, affords a clear demonstration that the deposit was produced at the base of the ice by its pushing, dragging, rolling action. The two formations, therefore, stand in sharp contrast; the one indicating the passive transporting action of the ice in bearing from their distant homes north of the lakes the crystalline boulders and dropping them quietly on the surface, the other indicating the active dynamic function of the ice in rubbing, bruising and scoring the material at its base. The one seems to me a clear instance of englacial and superglacial transportation; the other an equally clear example of subglacial push, drag and kneading. Now if it were the habit of an ice-sheet of this kind to carry material from its bottom to the surface by internal movement, it would seem that the distance of 400 to 500 miles which intervened between the source of the crystallines and the place of their deposit would have furnished ample opportunity for its exercise, and that there would have been commingled with the englacial and superglacial material many derivatives from the intermediate region, and these derivatives should have borne the characteristic markings received by them while at the base of the ice. The very conspicuous absence of such commingling, and the absence or phenomenal rarity of anything that even looks like such a commingling, appears to me to testify in quite unmistakable terms to the distinctness of the methods of transportation. In view of the great territory over which this particular belt is spread, and the greater territory which is embraced in the other tracts not here specially considered, there is left little ground for doubt that this distinctness of englacial from basal transportation was a prevailing fact and not an exceptional one. This is supported by concurrent evidence derived from the territory west of Lake Michigan. This territory unfortunately does not bear erratics that have equally distinct characteristics, but, so far as my observation goes, the phenomena are alike throughout. I am therefore brought to the conclusion that, in the interior at least, there was no habitual lifting of boulders from the base of the ice sheets to the surface, nor any habitual commingling of basal with englacial and superglacial