2 apprentices 3 barkeepers 4 bakers 1 blacksmith 122 barbers 21 boarding house keepers 28 boatmen 33 butchers 8 cigar makers 12 carpenters 39 carmen 95 cooks 107 coachmen 2 confectioners 1 gunsmith 24 farmers 7 gardeners 3 merchants 2 hatters 11 ink makers 1144 laborers 3 jewelers 21 ministers 4 painters 24 musicians 434 mariners 2 mechanics 15 marketmen 4 printers 23 tailors 44 stewards 808 servants 23 shoemakers 12 sextons 8 teachers 207 engaged in other occupations Many Negroes used wisely the money which they obtained from these businesses. Out of a free population of 50,000 Negroes, 5,447, or about one in ten was in school during this period. In a pamphlet entitled the _Present Condition of Free People of Color_ published by James Freeman Clarke in 1859, the author stated that they were no less neat in person and attire than their white neighbors.[30] One year during the period from 1850 to 1860 Negroes of New York City invested in business carried on by themselves $775,000; in businesses of Brooklyn $76,000. That same year these free Negroes purchased real estate in New York worth $733,000, and in Brooklyn $276,000.[31] With complete freedom in New York, free Negroes made more efforts to improve their condition. There were established several newspapers which served not only to present their cause to the public but also as economic factors. First of these must be mentioned a publication called _Freedom's Journal_ or _The Rights of All_. This paper, edited by James B. Russworm, the first Negro college graduate in the United States, and Rev. Samuel F. Cornish, was established in March, 1827.[32] Another journal, styled _The Weekly Advocate_, changing its name later to _The Colored American_, appeared in New York, March 4, 1837. The editor was Philip A. Bell. Later Charles Bennett Ray became one of the proprietors and editors. Finally, mention must be made of such journals of this period as _The Elevator_, of Albany, edited by Stephen Myers; _The Genius of Freedom_, by David Ruggles; _People's Press_, by Thomas Hamilton; and _North Star_, by Frederick Douglass. Concerning the last named publication, it was generally said that it was conducted on a higher plane than any of the others and that it was among the first newspapers of the country. ARNETT G. LINDSAY. FOOTNOTES: [1] Census of New York before 1790: