_Tyranny by the United States in Haiti and Santo Domingo_, by Earnest H. Gruening, Managing Editor of _The Nation_, in CURRENT HISTORY, Volume XV, No. 6, March, 1922; _Latin America, Clark University Addresses_, November, 1913, edited by George H. Blakeslee, Professor of History, Clark University; _Caribbean Interests of the United States_, by Chester Lloyd Jones, Professor of Political Science, University of Wisconsin; _The United States and Latin America_, by John Holladay Latané, Professor of History, Johns Hopkins University; _The American Intervention in Haiti and the Dominican Republic_, in THE ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE, Volume C, No. 189, March, 1922, by Carl Kelsey, Ph.D., Professor of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania; _The Monroe Doctrine and Its Application to Haiti_, by William A. MacCorkle, Former Governor of West Virginia, in THE ANNALS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE, Volume LIV, July, 1914; _The Haitian Revolution_, by T. G. Steward; THE JOURNAL OF NEGRO HISTORY, Vol. II, No. 4, October, 1917; _Independence of South American Republics_, by F. L. Paxson; and _Treaties and Conventions between the United States and Other Powers_, Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. [5] These facts are well set forth in Steward's _Haitian Revolution_. [6] This dock belongs to a sugar company, but it is open to others. PAUL CUFFE[A] CHAPTER I EARLY LIFE The records tell us that on the sixteenth day of February, 1742, in consideration of the sum of one hundred and fifty pounds, Ebenezer Slocum of Dartmouth, Bristol County, Massachusetts, sold to John Slocum of the same city a Negro man.[1] He was about twenty-five years of age and a native African whom, doubtless, a slave trader had brought over some fifteen years before. This Negro was Cuffe by name (also spelled Cuff, Cuffee, and Cuffey) and, in conformity with the custom at that time was called Cuffe Slocum to indicate his master. While the name of the slave does not appear in the bill of sale yet, since the bill is a part of the family papers of his son, it must have been Cuffe. There exists among the Negro's descendants a tradition that this slave with the aid of his master worked out his purchase price and obtained his liberty. It may have been that John Slocum purchased the Negro with this end in view. At any rate a grand-daughter relates how on a rainy morning when all, including Cuffe, were seated at the breakfast table, a justice of the peace appeared with papers of emancipation.[2] Having received his liberty at an unexpected moment, Cuffe knew not what to do. Seeing his bewilderment, the gracious squire and the quondam master gave him temporary employment and, when he was ready to leave, advised him to lead a steady life, take good care of his money, and get him a home. With this advice, two suits of clothes, and freedom, the manumitted slave went happily away.