Photograph of a complete model of the skull and lower jaw of the ancestral elephant, _Palæomastodon_, discovered by Dr. Andrews in the Upper Eocene of the Fayum Desert, Egypt, and modelled and restored under his direction in the Natural History Museum, London. The comparatively short trunk or snout rested on the broad front teeth of the long lower jaw. The face is elongated, and the cheek-teeth are numerous.] [Illustration: FIG. 30. Photograph of the lower face of the skull of a specimen of _Palæomastodon_ brought from Egypt in April, 1906, by Dr. Andrews, and now in the Natural History Museum, London. The six characteristic cheek-teeth on each side, and the pair of sabre-like tusks in front, are well seen.] [Illustration: FIG. 31. Drawing of the skull and lower jaw of the _Meritherium_, discovered by Dr. Andrews in the Upper Eocene of the Fayum Desert. The shape of the skull and proportions of face and jaw are like those of an ordinary hoofed mammal such as the pig; but the cheek-teeth are similar to those of the _Mastodon_, and whilst the full complement of teeth is present in the front of the upper jaw, we can distinguish the big tusk-like incisor which alone survives on each side in _Palæomastodon_, _Mastodon_, and the elephants, as the great pair of tusks.] Another great area of exploration and source of new things has been the southern part of Argentina and Patagonia, where Ameghino, Moreno, and Scott of Princeton have brought to light a wonderful series of extinct ant-eaters, armadilloes, huge sloths, and strange ungulates, reaching back into early Tertiary times. But most remarkable has been the discovery in this area of remains which indicate a former connection with the Australian land surface. This connection is suggested by the discovery in the Santa Cruz strata, considered to be of early Tertiary date, of remains of a huge horned tortoise which is generically identical with one found fossil in the Australian area of later date, and known as _Miolania_. In the same wonderful area we have the discovery in a cave of the fresh bones, hairy skin, and dung of animals supposed to be extinct, viz., the giant sloth, _Mylodon_, and the peculiar horse, _Onohippidium_. These remains seem to belong to survivors from the last submergence of this strangely mobile land-surface, and it is not improbable that some individuals of this ‘extinct’ fauna are still living in Patagonia. The region is still unexplored and those who set out to examine it have, by some strange fatality, hitherto failed to carry out the professed purpose of their expeditions.