Very little reflection shows the inherent improbability of Dr. Hartmann's theory. Where could the primitive builders get such a quantity of "Kuhdünger" to start with? If the "Packwerk" was constructed as a solid mass, how could its under portions be so prolific of such varied relics, and other odds and ends of human occupancy? Moreover, the disproportion between the original and final height of the mound is incompatible with the supposition that the successive increases were merely additions entailed by unforeseen circumstances, such as an unusual storm. The three platforms with their corresponding series of upright piles, the stratified assortment of the structural materials, and the position of the relics and _débris_ of its inhabitants scattered throughout the entire mound, are, in my opinion, inexplicable on any other hypothesis than that we have here the remains of pile-dwellings, successively erected one above the other, precisely similar to the terremare already described. The more probable _modus operandi_ was to construct in the first place a circumscribing dyke of mud, varying in size according to the number of the tribe or family, behind which the cottages were built on platforms supported on piles. When the under spaces became filled up with the accumulated _débris_ of men and cattle, and all the other odds and ends of continued occupancy, the process was repeated again and again, until the whole enclosed area, in the course of some centuries, became a flattish mound or island within the limits of the tidal shore. FOOTNOTES: [45] _Antiqua_, 1886, p. 65. [46] _Antiqua_, 1884, p. 128; and _Bul. de la Soc. suisse de Num._, 1884, No. 7. [47] _Rev. archéologique_, 1884. p. 194. [48] _Acad. de Lyon_, tome xi. p. 229. [49] _Association Française pour l'avancement des Sciences_, 1885, vol. i. p. 175. [50] _Matériaux, etc._, vol. xi. p. 95. [51] _Bul. Soc. Anth._, 1884. See also "Crannia Ethnica": "Les Préhistoriques" (Mortillet); _Bul. Soc. Anth._, 1874, 22nd Jan. [52] "Antiquity of Man," 4th edition, p. 241. [53] In a footnote on page 241 of his "Antiquity of Man," Sir Charles states that the Memoir of Professor Crahay was published in 1836, in the _Bulletin de l'Académie Royale de Belgique_, tome iii. p. 43. I find, however, that in this reference Crahay merely notices in a few lines the finding of the bones of the elephant in the excavations above referred to, and makes no mention whatever of the human jaw. [54] _Das Ausland_, 1877, p. 960. [55] "Ancient Scottish Lake-Dwellings," p. 219. [56] _Zeit. für Ethn., Verhand._, p. 39, vol. viii. [57] _Zeit. für Ethn._, vol. vi., _Verhand._, p. 228. [58] _Ibid._, vol. x., _Verhand._, p. 52. [59] "Die vorgeschichtlichen Rundwälle im östlichen Deutschland." Berlin, 1888. [60] _Zeit. für Eth._, vol. vi., _Verhand._, p. 115, and vol. vii., _Verhand._, p. 127. [61] _Ibid._, vol. ix., _Verhand._, p. 449. [62] Behla, "Die vergeschichtlichen Rundwälle," p. 8. [63] _Ibid._, p. 22.