[7] “As far as we can judge from the present evidence, the first appearance of the reindeer in Europe coincided with that of the mammoth, and took place at a later period than that of the cave bear or Irish elk.”--Sir John Lubbock, _Prehistoric Times_, 2nd ed., 1869, p. 293. [8] _Geology of Ireland_: G. H. Kinahan, p. 262. [9] Hippocrates, vol. i., p. 209. _De Aeribus_, xxxvii. [10] ὲν μέση ἒστηκε τῇλίμνῃ. These dwellings in the middle of the lake were out of bow-shot, out of reach of fiery projectiles against thatched roofs and wooden walls--a description of attack to which some of the Helvetian settlements probably succumbed. [11] _Herodotus_, Book v., chap. xvi. [12] _Prehistoric Times_, Sir John Lubbock, 2nd ed., p. 169. [13] _Lake Dwellings of Switzerland_, Keller, 2nd ed., p. 73. [14] _Proceedings R. I. A._, vol. vii., p. 151. [15] _Ancient Scottish Lake Dwellings._ [16] (1) bronze dish with handle of Roman work; (2) two bronze dishes hammered out of the solid; (3) a small bronze dish of separate pieces rivetted together; (4) a bronze ring having attached to it a portion of the vessel of which it had been the handle; (5) fragment of leather with a stamped pattern on it; (6) a large blue glass bead; (7) two glass beads with streaks and spots; (8) a bead of amber; (9) a bead of vitreous paste; (10) a small brooch of bronze; (11) a small ring of bronze; (12) _a copper coin_; (13) five querns; (14) a fragment of bronze; (15) a piece of iron slag; (16) a small earthen crucible; (17) whetstone; (18) three iron hammers; (19) portions of armlets of enamelled glass; (20) five canoes.--_Notices of Scottish Crannogs_, John Stewart, p. 8. [17] “A description of certain piles, found near London-wall and Southwark, possibly the remains of Pile-Buildings.” A Paper read before the Anthropological Society, December 18, 1866. [18] _Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society_, vol. xii. p. 255. [19] _Early Man in Britain_, p. 352. [20] _Nature_, vol. xvii. p. 424. [21] _Lake Dwellings of Switzerland_, Keller, 2nd ed., p. 660. [22] _De Bello Gallico_, lib. v. xviii: “ripa autem erat acutis sudibus præfixis munita; eiusdemque generis sub aqua defixæ sudes flumine, tegebantur.” The _oppidum_ of Cassivellaunus is described as being, “Sylvis paludibusque munitum,” and by Orosius, “inter duas paludes situm, obtentu insuper sylvarum munitum.” Cæsar also states, lib. v. xxi., “oppidum autem Britanni vocant, quum silvas impeditas vallo atque fossa munierunt, quo incursionis hostium vitandæ caussa convenire consuerunt.” [23] Supplementa tabulæ Syriæ, cap. ii., as quoted in Keller’s _Lake Dwellings of Switzerland_, 2nd ed., vol. i. p. 497. [24] Prescott’s _Conquest of Mexico_. [25] _New Guinea_, vol. i. pp. 47, 145, 216, 218, 401.