7. Did Socrates practise what he preached? 8. How do the teachings of Socrates compare with those of Christianity? 9. What is the fundamental difference, in your understanding, between philosophy and religion? 10. Did Socrates believe in one God or in many? FOR REFERENCE "Plato" ("The World's Epoch-Makers").--RITCHIE. "Dialogues," translated by JOWETT. "Plato the Teacher."--BRYAN. "Representative Men."--EMERSON. "The Myths of Plato."--STEWART. "Plato's Republic" ("Historical and Critical Essays").--DE QUINCEY. AURELIUS (121 A.D.-180 A.D.) Marcus Aurelius (Antoninus), emperor and philosopher, was the child of noble parents. His wonderful character, both intellectual and moral, early attracted the attention of the emperor, Hadrian, who, when Marcus had attained his seventeenth year, adopted Antoninus Pius as his successor, upon the condition that the latter adopt Marcus. Accordingly Marcus was adopted by Pius, who proceeded to lavish upon him as heir presumptive to the Empire every position for which his high character and thorough education fitted him; and upon the death of Pius he ascended the throne, at the age of forty. His reign covered a period of nineteen years, over two-thirds of which he spent on the borders of the empire in ceaseless struggles to sustain the tottering empire against the ravages of the outer barbarians. It was during these campaigns that his "Meditations," or "Thoughts," his only work, was written. In its present form, at least, it was never intended for publication, nor is it probable that it was, as some think, written for the instruction of his son, Commodus. It was written in Greek, and consists of mere memoranda, disconnected thoughts, and confessions, evidently hastily noted, a circumstance which accounts for its repetitions, its obscurity, and its elliptical form of expression. But in spite of this it has been an inspiration to the despondent in all ages. Its tone and temper are sweet yet dignified, courageous yet resigned, philosophical and speculative yet intensely practical. It stands preëminent among those world-books which teach men how to live and how to die. The great blots on his memory, in popular estimation, are the massacres of Christians in his reign, and his blindness to the frailty of his wife and the worthlessness of his son. But the Christians were in those days commonly looked upon as a pernicious secret cult, and those who comprehend his philosophy will know why he could see only good in the members of his family. THE MAN 1. What circumstance illustrates the great value he set upon time? 2. Was he considered a man of letters by his contemporaries? 3. What two others deserve to be remembered with him as Roman stoics? V, 90; X, 419. 4. Why would one hardly expect to find a great philosopher in Marcus Aurelius? 5. Under what circumstances did he become Emperor of Rome? 6. How were his early years spent?