5. At what university was he successively student and professor? 6. Was he merely a theorist in the matter of public reform? 7. Did he justify his economic teaching in his own conduct? STYLE AND WORKS 1. Which of his works treats of the effect of human traits upon architecture? 2. Name four works treating of Italian art specifically. 3. In what work does he seek to demonstrate the superiority of modern over classical painters? 4. Had Ruskin any practical knowledge of the technique of art? 5. Which of his works is autobiographical? 6. Where did he get the inspiration for his style? 7. How, then, can his style be called original? 8. Is his style clear; logical; powerful? Why? FROM "THE STONES OF VENICE" 1. What two orders of architecture are fundamental? 2. From what country are they primarily derived? 3. What is the distinguishing character of each? 4. How did Christianity affect architecture? 5. When the progress of advancement in architecture was losing its vitality with the Romans, who took up their work? 6. What two nations played the most important part? 7. Describe the effects of each upon the older forms of architecture. 8. Why is Venice the best place to study the different forms of architecture? "THE LAMP OF TRUTH" 1. Is falsity permissible under any circumstances? 2. Upon what does the pardonableness of a fault depend? 3. Which temptation is the harder to resist, that to tell a "little lie," or a great one? 4. Is all imagination or fiction reprehensible as being untruthful? 5. How may truth be violated in Architecture? 6. What three forms does architectural deceit take? 7. Give examples of each. 8. Why are machine work and cast work bad? 9. Concrete was unknown in Ruskin's day; what are its faults and its values? 10. Explain the decay and deterioration of Gothic tracery. FOR REFERENCE "Life of John Ruskin."--COLLINGWOOD. "Ruskin and his Circle."--EARLAND. "Studies in Ruskin."--COOK. "Witnesses of the Light."--GLADDEN. "Essays in Biography and Criticism."--BAYNE. "Literary Leaders of Modern England."--DAWSON. "John Ruskin" ("English Men of Letters").--HARRISON. RALPH WALDO EMERSON (1803-1882) Emerson, the 'Sage of Concord,' was born a Bostonian, of the ecclesiastical class. He prepared for the ministry and for some time occupied a Unitarian pulpit; but, disagreeing with his congregation as to the nature of the Lord's Supper, he resigned his charge and became a public lecturer, a popular profession in ante-bellum days when every community had its Literary Society, or else its Debating Club. His home from 1833, or for the last fifty years of his life, was at Concord, Massachusetts. He shares with Longfellow the distinction of being the best known abroad of all American writers. No other American has measurably approached him as an essayist.