steeply graduated as to cause the collapse of large fortunes; if the Democrats demand the regulation of the State debt, the workers must demand State bankruptcy. Thus the demands of the workers must everywhere be directed against the concessions and measures of the Democrats.... Further, the Democrats will either work directly for a Federal Republic, or, at least, if they cannot avoid the Republic one and indivisible, will seek to paralyse it by granting the greatest possible independence to the municipalities and provinces. The workers must set themselves against this plan, not only to secure the one and indivisible German Republic, but to concentrate as much power as possible in the hands of the State. They need not be misled by democratic platitudes about the freedom of the Communes, self-determination, etc. Their battle-cry must be 'the revolution in permanence.'" This Address of Marx, written in 1850, appears to be the guide of the Bolsheviks and Spartacists. The working classes may, however, not expect their immediate emancipation from their political victory. "In order to work out their own emancipation, and with it that higher form of life which present-day society inevitably opposes, the protracted struggle must pass through a whole series of historical processes, in the course of which men and circumstances alike will be changed. They have no ideal to realise; they have only to set free the elements of the new society, which have already developed in the womb of the collapsing bourgeois society."--(Marx, "Civil War in France.") The means of production will gradually be socialised, production will be placed on a co-operative basis, education will be combined with productive work, in order to transform the members of society into producers. So long as the transition period lasts the Communist maxim, "From each according to his capacity, to each according to his needs," cannot become operative. For this period is in every respect--economic, social, and intellectual--still tainted with the marks of the old society, and "rights cannot transcend the economic structure of society, and the cultural development which it determines."--(Criticism of Gotha Program.) To each will be given according to his deeds.