In 1165, at the time of the canonization of Charles, his body was taken up by the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, removed from the marble sarcophagus, in which it had lain for nearly 352 years, and placed in a wooden coffer in the middle of the church. For this wooden coffer was substituted fifty years later, at the order of Frederick II., a costly shrine, adorned with gold and jewels, in which at the present day, every six years, the relics of “St. Charles the Great,” are exhibited to the people. The head is separated from the body and enclosed in a silver portrait-bust of fourteenth-century workmanship. [72] See p. 230, note. [73] The minuscule was a small letter that displaced the awkward uncials used by the monastic scribes of the early centuries. It was the basis of the small letters of the modern Greek and Roman alphabets. [74] After the law of his own country. [75] Sixty golden solidi = $307.20. [76] Of “the famous oath of Strassburg,” by which a dispute between Louis the German and his brother Charles the Bald was adjusted, Professor Freeman says: “That precious document ... shows that in 841 the distinctions of race and language were beginning to make themselves felt. The Austrasian soldiers of King Louis swear in the Old-German tongue, of which the oath is an early monument;” while the Neustrian soldiers of King Charles swear “in the _lingua Romana_ ... a tongue essentially of Roman origin, and yet a tongue which has departed too far from the Roman model to be any longer called Latin. It has ceased to be Latin, but we cannot yet call it French, even Old French.... In the course of the next century it became nationalized as _lingua Gallica_.” See _Historical Essays_, I., 184. Transcriber’s Notes Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in the original book; otherwise they were not changed. Simple typographical errors were corrected; unbalanced quotation marks were remedied when the change was obvious, and otherwise left unbalanced; some are noted in further detail below. The illustration on the title page is the publisher’s logo. Page 71: “In the year 750 [it should be 751]” is in the original book; it is not a note from the Transcribers of this eBook. Page 93: Missing ending quotation mark for text beginning with “The great distinction”. Transcriber added one after “sometimes assume.” Page 115: “of so noble” was printed as “of so no noble”; changed here. Page 202: “(791–842)” was printed as “(791–482)”; changed here. Page 206: Unbalanced quotation mark in the paragraph beginning “He says:” Page 269: “pre-eminence over them” was printed as “pre-eminence ever them”; changed here. Page 329: “he gave the Teutonic race” was printed as “the gave te Teutonic race”; corrected by Transcriber. Page 332: “Pippin of Landin” was printed as “Pippin of Landiu”; changed here, although modern conventional spelling is “Landen”.