[11] The conclave gave a name to the new pontiff, because he was absent from Rome at the time of his election. [12] _Platina, tom. i. p. 370._ [13] _Voltaire, Essai sur les Mœurs et l’Esprit des Nations, chap. 69._ The Cavaliere Tonelli is of opinion, that Joanna was innocent of this crime, which is not imputed to her by the best Neapolitan historians, Costanzo and Giannone. See _Ton. Tr. tom. i. p. 16._ [14] _Platina, tom. i. p. 372._ [15] _Poggius de Varietate Fortunæ, p. 56._ _Ammirato Istorie Fiorentine, P. I. T. II. p. 752._ [16] _Platina, tom. i. p. 373, 374. Giannone, lib. xxiv. cap. i._ [17] _Vide Poggii Epistolas lvii, a Johanne Oliva Rhodigino vulgatas ad calcem librorum de Varietate Fortunæ, p. 199._ [18] Alter Urbanum olim summum pontificem leviter perstrinxit. Nam cum ille nescio quid acrius a pontifice contenderet, “malo capite es” inquit Urbanus. Tum ille “hoc idem” inquit “et de te vulgi dicunt homines pater sancte.” _Poggii Opera, edit. Basil. p. 428._ [19] _Platina, tom. i. p. 376._ [20] _Platina, tom. i. p. 376, 377._ _Poggii Historia Florentina, lib. iii._ _Ammirato Istor. lib. xv._ [21] _Platina, tom. i. p. 378._ [22] The English reader will probably be surprised to recognize in Giovanni Auguto, his countryman John Hawkewood. John was a soldier of fortune, and had been engaged in the war which Edward III. king of England, carried on with so much glory against France. On the conclusion of peace between those two countries, he led into Italy a band of 3000 adventurers, of restless spirits, and approved courage, who had engaged to fight under his banners, on behalf of any state which would give them a suitable remuneration for their services. In the year 1363, this army of desperadoes was hired by the republic of Pisa, and spread ruin and devastation through the territories of Florence, with which state the Pisans were then at war. They afterwards entered into the service of Bernabò Visconti, lord of Milan, and being again opposed to the Florentines, they defeated the Tuscan army, and made predatory incursions to the very gates of Florence. Being defrauded by Bernabò of the remuneration which his services merited, Hawkewood readily acceded to the terms proposed to him by the cardinal of Berry, legate of pope Gregory XI. and heartily engaged on the side of the pontiff in hostilities against the lord of Milan. Having assisted in the capture of nearly a hundred towns belonging to that prince, he had the satisfaction of seeing him reduced to the necessity of suing for peace. In the year 1375 he entered into the service of the Florentines. In the course of a little time he was promoted to the chief command of the Tuscan forces, in which capacity he merited and acquired the confidence of his employers, by the courage and skill with which he conducted the military operations of the Republic. He retained the office of Generalissimo of the Florentine army till the time of his death, which event took place in the latter