The logic of modern physicsBridgman, P. W. (Percy Williams)
Philosophy
The logic of modern physics
Bridgman, P. W. (Percy Williams)
Physics -- Philosophy
However, all is not simplified by this change in the method of setting
clocks, but a price has to be paid. The price is that we have to give up
the simple connection between the velocity of a thing and its "go and
come" time. Our changes have not affected local time; the time of
passage of light to a distant mirror and return to the source is not
changed, and is therefore still finite, although we describe the
velocity of light as infinite. Now examination shows at once that there
is no immediate connection between the concepts of "velocity" and of "go
and come" time, because the operations involved are different. A
measurement of a linear velocity according to our definition involves
two clocks at two different places or else a clock travelling with the
object, while "go and come" time demands only a single clock at a single
place, and also involves necessarily a reversal of direction of motion
in the object under measurement. We see then that, according to the
definition adopted for velocity, we have the choice either of doing as
Einstein did in the restricted theory of relativity and making "go and
come" time very simply related to velocity; or we may say that refined
physical measurements show that something of significance happens when
the direction of motion is reversed, and that phenomena are not
symmetrical with respect to a reversal of direction. The asymmetry which
results from reversing the direction of motion we may visualize as a
sort of curvature in space and time, as of a small piece of an arc of a
circle bent back on itself, with the two ends diverging. This
alternative way of treating velocity would mean that velocity can be
measured simply only by a specially situated observer; this need not be
considered disturbing, because in fact the operations have been defined
only with respect to such an observer.
Which of these two possible treatments of velocity shall be adopted is
to a certain extent a matter of convenience, determined by the sort of
phenomena in which we are most interested and wish most to simplify.
Einstein's chief concern was with optical phenomena, so that the motive
for his choice is evident. In this choice of Einstein it is not very
evident that the desire to make "go and come" time simply connected with
velocity played a very prominent part, but it seems rather that the
desire to think of light as a thing travelling, with a finite velocity,
was much more influential. This way of thinking of light is fundamental
to all the treatment of restricted relativity; without this sort of
picture all the mathematical deductions would lose their simplicity and
convincingness, for in all the deductions we inevitably think of
ourselves as an observer from outside, watching a thing that we call
light travelling back and forth like any physical thing.
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