The logic of modern physicsBridgman, P. W. (Percy Williams)
Philosophy
The logic of modern physics
Bridgman, P. W. (Percy Williams)
Physics -- Philosophy
With respect to the second question, we may stop to notice that the
special theory stands in quite a different position from the general
theory. The special theory is much more physical throughout; its
postulates are physical in character, and it is obvious that the physics
got into the results through the postulates. It seems to me without
question that Einstein showed the intuitive insight of a great genius in
recognizing that there are mutual relations between physical phenomena
which can be described in very much simplified language in terms of
concepts slightly modified from those already in common use. In view of
the remarks made on the nature of light, it is legitimate to wonder,
however, whether the formulations of even the special theory will always
stand. It seems to be true that _all_ the facts of nature, even in the
absence of a gravitational field, cannot be connected by the simple
formulations of the special theory; that the physical relations are
simple only in a sub-group; and that if we wish to deal with _all_
optical phenomena, we have carried our simplifications too far, for the
emission of a light signal is not a simple event, and light is not in
nature like a thing travelling. Just the sorts of physical thing which
are ignored in treating light as the special theory does are coming to
be more and more important in the minds of physicists, and this is a
reason for wondering whether ultimately Einstein's special theory may
not be regarded merely as a very convenient way of tying together a
large group of important physical phenomena, but not as being by any
means a full or complete statement of natural relations.
With respect to the general theory, however, I believe the situation is
quite different. The fundamental postulate that the laws of nature are
of invariant form in all coördinate systems is highly mathematical, and
of an entirely man-made character. Of what concern of nature's is it how
man may choose to describe her phenomena, and how can we expect the
limitations of our descriptive process to limit the thing described?
Furthermore, Einstein's method of connecting his mathematical
formulation and nature by way of coincidences of 4-events (three space,
one time coordinates) seems to be very far removed from reality, since
it entirely leaves out the descriptive background in terms only of which
the 4-event takes on physical significance. Nevertheless, three definite
conclusions about the physical universe have been taken out of the hat
by the conjuror Einstein (shift of the perihelion of Mercury,
displacement of apparent position of stars at the edge of the sun's
disk, and the shift toward the infra-red of spectrum lines from a source
in a gravitational field), and the problem for us as physicists is to
discover by what process these results were obtained.
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