The logic of modern physicsBridgman, P. W. (Percy Williams)
Philosophy
The logic of modern physics
Bridgman, P. W. (Percy Williams)
Physics -- Philosophy
We now see that the concept of event is only an approximate concept, as
was also that of identity, and for the same reason, namely, there are no
such things in experience as sharp discontinuities, but as our
measurements become more refined, the edges of supposed discontinuities
become blurred. As we go to smaller scales of magnitude this blurring
becomes more important, until the physical possibility of performing
those operations by which the discontinuities are detected entirely
disappears, and the concept of event acquires, in terms of operations,
an entirely different meaning. We continue to think of the event in the
same way as before in terms of a mental model, but the true operational
significance now depends on the particular phenomenon under
consideration. The concept of event is really not the same sort of thing
when applied to the emission of a quantum of radiation from an atom, or
the emission of gamma radiation from a radioactive disintegration, or
the flashing of a signal from a dark lantern by opening and closing a
shutter. Here as always, when our range of experience is extended, we
must be prepared at some future time to find that, by extending the
ordinary concept of event to small-scale phenomena by the device of the
mental model, we have by implication smuggled into our picture phenomena
which do not exist, so that it will be necessary to revise our thinking,
casting it into terms corresponding to direct experience.
THE CONCEPT OF VELOCITY
The concept of velocity, as ordinarily defined, involves the two
concepts of space and time. The operations by which we measure the
velocity of an object are these: we first observe the time at which the
object is at one position, and then later observe the time at which it
is at a second position, divide the distance between the two positions
by the time interval, and if necessary, when the velocity is variable,
take the limit. As long as we deal with fairly low velocities we do not
have to inquire carefully as to the kind of time we use in these
operations, but when the velocities become high, we do have to take care
to use the local times at the two positions of the body, which means
that we must have a time system spread over space, or, in other words,
the "extended" time system. This velocity concept, defined in this way,
may be used as a tool in describing nature, and it will be found that
nature has certain properties; for example, the velocity of light is 3 x
10^10 cm./sec. Further, no material thing can be given a velocity as
high as this, but as its velocity is made to approach this value,
increments of energy increasing without limit are required.
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