The logic of modern physicsBridgman, P. W. (Percy Williams)
Philosophy
The logic of modern physics
Bridgman, P. W. (Percy Williams)
Physics -- Philosophy
It cannot be denied that there are some phenomena which uncritically
considered appear to justify thinking of light as a thing that travels;
these will now be discussed. Probably the argument to which most
significance is usually ascribed is derived from the phenomena of
energy. The passing of light from source to sink is accompanied by the
transfer of energy. But energy is conserved, so that we have to ask
where the energy is in the time interval between the emission of light
from the source and its absorption by the sink. There is an obvious
answer: the energy is in transit, of course, somewhere in the
intermediate space between source and sink. If we think of light as
propagated through a medium, then the medium is such that energy may
reside in it, as in the electromagnetic theory of light, or if light is
more material and ballistic in character, the thing that travels has
itself energy. We notice in the first place that the conservation
principle involves the time concept, because what we mean by
conservation is that the total energy of the universe, at a fixed
instant of time, is constant. That is, we have to integrate over all
space the local energy at a definite instant of time, and this involves
spreading the time concept over all space. It is further evident that
unless we spread the time concept over space in the right way we shall
not get conservation. The proof that it is possible to spread the time
concept over space in such a way as to give conservation involves a
knowledge of the properties of light. It would seem, then, that we ought
not to assume conservation in deducing the properties of light, when a
knowledge of the properties of light is necessary to establish
conservation. These considerations cannot be accepted as final, however,
until a detailed analysis has been made, and this would be most
complicated. But there is a more important consideration derived from
our previous critique of the energy concept, namely, that there is no
basis for asserting that energy is localized in space at all; energy is
not a physical thing, but rather what we would call a property of a
system as a whole. If this view of energy be granted, the whole energy
argument for light as a thing travelling, and also for the existence of
a medium, falls. I believe that similar considerations apply to any
arguments from the conservation of momentum.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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