With the close of the fifteenth century one great cycle, that of Europe’s mediæval era, came to an end; and then we trace the first beginnings of that fresh scattering of the Aryan clan, and its new western movement across the Ocean. It seems in a very striking manner once more to repeat itself under our own eyes, as we look abroad on the millions crowding from Europe and filling up the western wilderness; hewing down the forests, cultivating the waste prairies, and everywhere displacing the rude aborigines: yet here also not without some interblending of the races; though the two types, Aryan and pre-Aryan, meet under all the repellent influences of high civilisation and the lowest barbarism. In the Canadian North-West alone, the young province of Manitoba began its political existence with a population of between 10,000 and 12,000 half-breeds; in part at least, a hardy race of hunters and farmers; the representatives of what is as certainly destined to constitute an element in the new phases which the Aryan race already begins to assume, under the diverse conditions of a new continent, as that curious trace of Europe’s pre-Aryan people which attracted the observant attention of Tacitus among the ancient Britons; and which we are learning to recognise, with a new significance, as the Melanochroi: the representatives of the old half-breed of Europe’s prehistoric dawn. ----- [40] Gladstone, _Juventus Mundi_, pp. 474, 479. [41] _Indian Migrations_, p. 24. [42] _Types of Mankind_, p. 351. [43] _Early Man in Britain_, p. 241. [44] _Ibid._ p. 244. [45] _Alaska and its Resources_, p. 237. [46] _Prehistoric Europe_, p. 550. [47] _U.S. Geological Survey_, 1872, p. 652. _Report of National Museum_, 1887, p. 683, Fig. 11535. [48] _Report of National Museum_, 1887, p. 678. [49] _Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain_, p. 140. [50] Vide _Prehistoric Man_, 3d ed. vol. i. p. 180, Fig. 54. [51] _Report of the Peabody Museum_, vol. ii., p. 38. [52] _Primitive Industry_, p. 471. [53] _Ibid._, p. 542. [54] _Primitive Industry_, p. 547. [55] _Ibid._, p. 545. [56] Foster’s _Prehistoric Races_, p. 55. [57] _The Antiquity and Origin of the Trenton Gravel_, p. 547. [58] _Primitive Industry_, p. 481. [59] _Report of Washington National Museum_, 1887-88, pp. 677-702. [60] _Primitive Industry_, p. 517. [61] _Indian Migrations as Evidence of Language_ (Horatio Hale), p. 21. [62] _Indian Migrations_, p. 22. [63] _Relations des Jésuites_, 1660, p. 7. Quebec ed. [64] _Archæologia Americana_, vol. ii. [65] Brinton, _Races and Peoples_, p. 254. [66] _Bertram’s Travels through North and South Carolina, Georgia, etc._, 1791, p. 367. [67] _The League of the Iroquois_, p. 2. [68] Schoolcraft, _History of the Indian Tribes_, vol. ii., p. 78. [69] _Prehistoric Races of the United States_, p. 259.