At the synod in A. D. 1099 a proclamation was issued forbidding priests to enter into any servile relations with laymen, because it were shameful if the most holy hands which prepared the flesh and blood of Almighty God should serve the unconsecrated laity. The famous orator Bourdaloue requested that greater homage should be paid to the priest than to the holy Virgin, because God had been incarnated in her bosom only once, but was in the hands of the priest daily, as often as the mass was read. [20] The oldest Christian art in which the dying spirit of antiquity yet reveals itself, represented Jesus as a shepherd youth carrying a lamb upon his bosom. Many a one could only turn away sadly from the beaming world of Olympus to the new Christian ideal, and when they must needs so do, they would fain transfer to the new "_puer redemptor_" the mild beauty of the former youthful mediator, Dionysus Zagreus. In the hymns, still preserved to us, of Synesius, who combined in one person the bishop and the Greek who still longs for wisdom and beauty (doubtless known to many of our readers by Kingsley's novel of Hypatia), this sadness is in wonderful harmony with Christian devotion. With the ruin of the antique world, this longing as well as the capability of satisfying it ceased. The material symbol obtained thereafter a more prominent place. If the Phoenicians and Canaanites represented their god corporeally as the powerful steer, the Christians chose the patient and inoffensive lamb as the type of theirs. The Council of Constantinople in A. D. 692 confirmed this lamb-symbol. As Aaron had made a golden calf, Pope Sergius III. procured a lamb to be made of gold and ivory. All who rebelled against its worship were treated as disorderly and heretical. In the time of Charlemagne one of them, Bishop Claudius of Turin, from whom the Waldenses derive their origin, complained: "_Isti perversorum dogmatum auctores agnos vivos volunt vorare et in pariete pictos adorare._" [21] Pope Urban Vitus presented an _agnus Dei_ to the Byzantine Emperor. An accompanying note described its wonderful powers in the following monkish-Latin hexameters:-- _Balsamus et munda cera cum chrismatis unda Conficiunt agnum, quod munus do tibi magnum Fonte velut natum per mystica sanctificatum. Fulgura desursum depellit, et omne malignum Peccatum frangit, ut Christi sanguis et angit. Prægnans servatur, simul et partus liberatur. Dona refert dignis, virtutem destruit ignis. Portatus munde de fluctibus eripit undæ._ [22] As late as 1784 a statute was issued by Carl Theodor, Elector of Pfalz, referring to the magic power of St. Hubert-relics, and forbidding the employment of "worldly" remedies against the bite of mad dogs.