=Cumberland, William Augustus, Duke of= (1721-1765). Second son of George II. Commanded British armies in Flanders and Hanover. =Index=: =Hd= Interested in raising Swiss and German regiment in America, 9. =Cumberland House.= Hudson's Bay Company post. =Index=: =MS= Built by Samuel Hearne, on Pine Island Lake, or Sturgeon Lake, in 1774, 4; rival establishment of Montreal traders, 4. =Cunard, Sir Samuel= (1787-1865). Born in Halifax. His practical training fitted him for the important rôle he was to fill in the evolution of ocean shipping. Watched closely the early attempts to cross the Atlantic by steam, and when in 1838 the British government invited tenders for carrying the mails between Liverpool, Halifax, and Boston, immediately sailed for England and laid before the Admiralty his carefully-matured plans for a line of steamships. Succeeded in enlisting the support of several big shipping firms in England, and had no difficulty in securing the contract. So originated the Cunard company, which from an initial fleet of four vessels of 1200 tons each and 440 horse-power has grown to its present gigantic proportions. Was one of the owners of the _Royal William_ (_q.v._). Made a baronet, 1859. =Index=: =H= Establishes steamship line between Halifax and Great Britain, 234; makes New York western terminal of his line, 234. =Bib.=: Dent, _Can. Por._; Johnson, _First Things in Canada_, under _Steam Communication_. =Cuoq, Jean-André= (1821-1901). Entered the Sulpician order in 1843, and came to Canada two years later. Devoted his life to a minute study of the languages of the Algonquian and Iroquois tribes, and became one of the leading authorities on the subject. =Bib.=: Works; _Jugement Erroné de M. Ernest Renan sur Quelques Langues Sauvages de l'Amérique_; _Livre des Sept Nations_; _Etudes Philolgiques sur Quelques Langues Sauvages de l'Amérique_; _Lexique de la Langue Iroquoise_; _Lexique de la Langue Algonquine, Anotc-Kekon._ For biog., _see Trans._ R. S. C., 1902, I, 127-128; Morgan, _Can. Men_. =Curacies, permanent= (_curés fixes_). =F= Question of, 165, 190. =Currency.= The British authorities passed an ordinance in 1764 by which the French Louis d'or and crown were kept in circulation. First step for a revision of the currency was taken, 1795, when an Act was passed fixing standard of values. So-called "army bills" were issued and used between 1812 and 1820. In 1871 an Act was passed by the Dominion Parliament establishing a uniform currency. =Index=: =E= Decimal system introduced by La Fontaine-Baldwin government, 86, =L= In New France, 123. =S= Act respecting, in Upper Canada, 94-95; insufficient supply of, a great drawback, 111. =Bib.=: Johnson, _First Things in Canada_; Weir, _Sixty Years in Canada_.