California, the name, 55, 65 (_note_); coast explored, 55-59; missions founded, 59-63; commercial policy under Spanish rule, 64, 65; coveted by the United States, 256; why, 257; emigration to, 263 (_note_); we fail to buy it, 258; or separate it from Mexico, 288; England suspected of coveting it, 258; the American settlers seize the government, 261; the flag raised at Monterey, 261; conquered, 262; in revolt again, 262; subdued, 263; Mexico cedes it to the United States, 263; gold discovered, 272; rush for the mines, 274; newspapers of, in 1848, 274, 275 (_note_); effect on the country, 278, 279 (_note_); routes to, 280, 281, 282, 284 (_note_); commerce opened with the interior, 283; population in 1849, 284; under military government, 285; the interregnum, 285; miners' courts, 286; State government formed, 287; struggle in Congress, 287; admitted to the Union a free State, 287; Pacific Railroad in, 318, 320 (_note_). Calumet, The, 89; virtue of, 92 (_note_). Canada, conquest of, 146 (_note_). Cape Flattery named, 144, 146 (_note_). Cape Mendocino, 65 (_note_). Carson, Christopher, 234; stopped by Gen. Kearney, 256, 263 (_note_). Carver, Jonathan, his idea, 149; gets to the Mississippi, 150; ascends the Minnesota, 151; his "Travels," 152. Cenis Indians, 116, 117 (_note_). Champlain, Samuel de, founds Quebec, 69; at Montreal, 71; hears about the Great Lakes, 71, 72; a prisoner, 74, 79 (_note_). Charles V. (of Spain), events of his reign, 4-8; last days of, 53, 54; his character, 81. Childs, J. B., on the way to Oregon, 237. Chouteau, Peter, 198, 204 (_note_). Cibola, Father Marco goes to, 32, 39 (_note_). Clarke, William, explores Louisiana, 187, 191 (_note_). _See_ Lewis. Clarke's River (Ore.) named, 197. Clay, Henry, defeated on the Texas issue (1844), 245. Colorado, gold in, 208; discoveries on Cherry Creek, 309; Denver City founded, 310; great rush of gold-seekers, 310; stage-route established from the Missouri, 311; discoveries on Clear Creek, 312; Gregory, 312; other settlements, 313; surface diggings give out, 314; but gold quartz struck, 314; a State, 322. Colorado River explored, 33; the name, 39 (_note_). Colorado Desert crossed, 65. Columbia River missed by Cook, 145; and Vancouver, 146 (_note_); discovered, 161, 162 (_note_), 191 (_note_); a bone of contention, 230, 233 (_note_). Columbia, the ship, 160, 161, 162 (_note_).