2. E. Virginiànum, Lam. _Slender_ (1--3° high); _radical and lower stem-leaves linear- to oblong-lanceolate, on long_ (sometimes 1° long) _fistulous petioles_, entire or with small hooked teeth; upper leaves sessile, spiny-toothed or laciniate; heads ovate-oblong (6´´ long), with spiny-toothed or entire reflexed bracts, and _bractlets with 3 spiny cusps_ (the middle one largest).--Margins of ponds and streams, N. J. to Fla. and Tex., near the coast. Aug., Sept. 3. E. Leavenwórthii, Torr. & Gray. Stout (1--3° high); lowest stem-leaves broadly oblanceolate, spinosely toothed, the rest sessile and _deeply palmately-parted into narrow incisely-pinnatifid spreading pungent segments_; heads ovate-oblong (1--1½´ long), with pinnatifid spinose bracts and 3--7-cuspidate bractlets, the terminal ones very prominent and resembling the bracts.--Dry soil, E. Kan., Ark., and Tex. [*][*][*] _Prostrate and slender, rooting at the joints, diffusely branched, with small thin unarmed leaves and very small heads._ 4. E. prostràtum, Nutt. Lower leaves oblong, entire, few-toothed, or lobed at base; upper leaves smaller, clustered at the rooting joints, ovate, few-toothed or entire (occasionally some additional trifid ones); reflexed bracts longer than the oblong heads (2--4´´ long).--Wet places, S. Mo. to Fla. and Tex. 36. SANÍCULA, Tourn. SANICLE. BLACK SNAKEROOT. Calyx-teeth manifest, persistent. Fruit globular; the carpels not separating spontaneously, ribless, thickly clothed with hooked prickles, each with 5 oil-tubes.--Perennial rather tall glabrous herbs, with few palmately-lobed or parted leaves, those from the root long-petioled. Umbels irregular or compound, the flowers (greenish or yellowish) capitate in the umbellets, perfect, and with staminate ones intermixed. Involucre and involucels few-leaved. (Name said to be from _sano_, to heal; or perhaps from _San Nicolas_.) 1. S. Marylándica, L. Stem 1--3° high; leaves 3--7-parted, the divisions mostly sharply cut and serrate; sterile flowers numerous and long-pedicelled; fruit 1½--2´´ long, the styles longer than the prickles.--Throughout our range, south to Ga. and Tenn., west to E. Kan. and Minn. May--Aug. Var. Canadénsis, Torr., has comparatively few and short-pedicelled sterile flowers, and styles shorter than the prickles. (S. Canadensis, _L._)--With the last, but westward only to Minn. and E. Kan. ORDER 49. ARALIÀCEÆ. (GINSENG FAMILY.) _Herbs, shrubs, or trees, with much the same characters as_ Umbelliferæ, _but with usually more than 2 styles, and the fruit a few--several-celled drupe._--Albumen mostly fleshy. Petals not inflexed. 1. ARÀLIA, Tourn. GINSENG. WILD SARSAPARILLA.