5. C. villòsa, Nutt. _Hirsute and villous-pubescent_; stem corymbosely branched, the branches terminated by single short-peduncled heads; _leaves narrowly oblong, hoary with rough pubescence_ (as also the involucre), _bristly-ciliate_ toward the base.--Dry plains and prairies, Wisc. to Ky., and westward. July--Sept. Very variable.--Var. HÍSPIDA, Gray. Low, hirsute and hispid, not canescent; heads small. Kan., west and southward.--Var. CANÉSCENS, Gray. Wholly canescent with short appressed pubescence; leaves narrow, mostly oblanceolate.--Kan. to Tex. 6. C. pilòsa, Nutt. Annual, soft-hirsute or villous; leaves oblong-lanceolate; involucre viscid; outer pappus chaffy and conspicuous--Kan. and southward. 15. APLOPÁPPUS, Cass. Heads many-flowered, radiate; rays many, pistillate. Involucre hemispherical, of many closely imbricated scales in several series. Receptacle flat. Achenes short, turbinate to linear; pappus simple, of numerous unequal bristles.--Mostly herbaceous perennials, with alternate rigid leaves. Ray- and disk-flowers yellow. (From ἁπλόος, _simple_, and πάππος, _pappus_.) 1. A. ciliàtus, DC. Annual or biennial, glabrous, 2--5° high, leafy; leaves oval (or lower obovate), obtuse, dentate with bristle-pointed teeth; heads very large, few and clustered, the outer scales spreading; achenes glabrous, the central abortive.--Mo., Kan., and southward. 2. A. spinulòsus, DC. Perennial, branching, puberulent or glabrate, low; leaves narrow, pinnately or bipinnately parted, the lobes and teeth bristle-tipped; heads small, the appressed scales bristle-tipped; achenes pubescent.--Minn. to Kan., and southward. 3. A. divaricàtus, Gray. Annual, 1--2° high, slender and diffusely paniculate, rough-pubescent or glabrate; leaves rigid, narrow, entire or with a few spinulose teeth, much reduced above; heads small and narrow, the appressed scales subulate, attenuate; achenes silky.--Southern Kan. 16. BIGELÒVIA, DC. RAYLESS GOLDEN-ROD. Heads 3--4-flowered, the flowers all perfect and tubular. Involucre club-shaped, yellowish; the rigid somewhat glutinous scales linear, closely imbricated and appressed. Receptacle narrow, with an awl-shaped prolongation in centre. Achenes somewhat obconical, hairy; pappus a single row of capillary bristles.--Flowers yellow. Leaves scattered, oblanceolate or linear, 1--3-nerved. A large western genus, few species approaching our limits. (Dedicated by De Candolle to _Dr. Jacob Bigelow_, author of the Florula Bostoniensis, and of the American Medical Botany.) 1. B. nudàta, DC. A smooth perennial; the slender stem (1--2° high) simple or branched from the base, naked above, corymbose at the summit, bearing small heads in a flat-topped corymb.--Low pine barrens, N. J. (rare), and southward. Sept. 17. SOLIDÀGO, L. GOLDEN-ROD.