8. A. rádula, Ait. Stem simple or corymbose at the summit, smooth or sparsely hairy, many-leaved (1--3° high); _leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed, sharply serrate in the middle, very rough both sides and rugose-veined_, closely sessile (2--3´ long), nearly equal; _scales of the bell-shaped involucre oblong, appressed, with very short and slightly spreading herbaceous tips_; achenes smooth.--Bogs and low grounds, Del. to Maine and northward, near the coast; also Pocono Mountain, Penn. A dwarf form (var. STRÍCTUS, Gray) has oblong- to linear-lanceolate nearly entire leaves, and usually solitary heads; White Mountains, N. H., to Lab. Aug.--Rays light violet. Involucre nearly smooth, except the ciliate margins. [*] 2. _Involucre and usually the branchlets viscidly or pruinose-glandular, well imbricated or loose; pubescence not silky; leaves entire (or the lower with few teeth), the cauline all sessile or clasping; rays showy, violet to purple._ [+] _Heads small; involucre not squarrose. Extreme western._ 9. A. Féndleri, Gray. Rigid, 1° high or less; leaves firm, linear, 1-nerved, hispid-ciliate, 1´ long or mostly much less; heads scattered, 3´´ high; scales linear-oblong, obtuse, or the inner acute.--Central Kan. (Ellis, _Dr. L. Watson_) and southwestward. [+][+] _Heads larger; involucral scales spreading, in few or many ranks._ 10. A. grandiflòrus, L. _Rough with minute hispid hairs_; stems slender, loosely much branched (1--3° high); _leaves very small_ (¼--1´ long), oblong-linear, obtuse, rigid, the uppermost passing into scales of the hemispherical squarrose many-ranked involucre; rays bright violet (1´ long); achenes hairy.--Dry open places, Va. and southward.--Heads large and very showy. 11. A. oblongifòlius, Nutt. _Minutely glandular-puberulent_, much branched above, rigid, paniculate-corymbose (1--2° high); _leaves narrowly oblong or lanceolate_, mucronate-pointed, partly clasping, thickish (1--2´ long by 2--5´´ wide); involucral scales nearly equal, broadly linear, appressed at the base; rays violet-purple; achenes canescent.--Banks of rivers, from Penn. and Va. to Minn. and Kan.--Heads middle-sized or smaller. Var. rigídulus, Gray. Low, with more rigid and hispidulous scabrous leaves.--In drier places, Ill., Wisc., and southwestward. 12. A. Nòvæ-Ángliæ, L. _Stem stout, hairy_ (3--8° high), corymbed at the summit; _leaves very numerous, lanceolate, entire, acute, auriculate-clasping, clothed with minute pubescence_, 2--5´ long; _scales nearly equal, linear-awl-shaped, loose, glandular-viscid_, as well as the branchlets; rays violet-purple (in var. RÒSEUS rose-purple), very numerous; achenes hairy.--Moist grounds; common.--Heads large. A peculiar and handsome species.