8. H. occidentàlis, Riddell. Somewhat hairy, stem _slender, simple, naked above_ (1--3° high, sending out runners from the base), bearing 1--5 small heads on long peduncles; _lowest leaves oval or lanceolate-ovate_, entire or obscurely serrate, _roughish-pubescent beneath, abruptly contracted into long hairy petioles; the upper small and remote_; scales ovate to lanceolate, acute or pointed, sometimes ciliate.--Dry barrens, Ohio to Wisc. and Minn., and southward. [*][*][*] _Involucre looser, the scales more acuminate or elongated or foliaceous; disk yellow (anthers dark)._ [+] _Leaves all opposite, sessile, serrulate; pubescence rather soft._ 9. H. móllis, Lam. Stem simple, leafy to the top (2--3° high); leaves ovate to lanceolate, with broad cordate clasping base, pointed; scales lanceolate, seldom exceeding the disk.--Dry barrens, Ohio to Iowa and southward. [+][+] _Leaves mostly alternate and 3-nerved, soft-pubescent beneath, scabrous above; scales very long and loose, hairy; tips of chaff and corolla-lobes hirsute._ 10. H. tomentòsus, Michx. Stem hairy, stout (4--8° high); leaves oblong-lanceolate, or the lowest ovate, tapering at both ends, obscurely serrate, large (5--12´ long), somewhat petioled; disk 1´ broad; rays 12--16, about 1´ long.--Rich woods, Ill.(?), Va., and southward along the mountains. [+][+][+] _Leaves narrow, chiefly alternate, not 3-nerved, scabrous both sides; heads rather small; scales loose, attenuate._ 11. H. grósse-serràtus, Martens. _Stem smooth and glaucous_, 6--10° high; _leaves elongated-lanceolate_ or ovate-lanceolate, taper-pointed, sharply serrate or denticulate, acute or attenuate at base, _petioled_, often whiter and finely pubescent beneath; scales lance-awl-shaped, slightly ciliate.--Dry plains, Ohio to Dak., Mo., and southwestward.--Probably runs into the next. 12. H. gigantèus, L. _Stem hairy or rough_ (3--10° high), branched above; _leaves lanceolate_, pointed, minutely serrate or nearly entire, green both sides, narrowed and ciliate at base, but _nearly sessile_; scales long, linear-lanceolate, pointed, hairy or strongly ciliate.--Var. AMBÍGUUS, Torr. & Gray; leaves mostly opposite and closely sessile by an obtuse base; perhaps a hybrid with n. 17.--Low thickets and swamps; common. Heads somewhat corymbed; the pale yellow rays 15--20; roots often becoming tuber-like. 13. H. Maximiliàni, Schrad. Resembling the last; stout, often simple, 1--10° high; leaves becoming rigid and very scabrous, entire or sparingly denticulate; heads rather large, usually short-peduncled, terminal and in the upper axils; scales longer attenuate, more rigid.--Prairies, Minn. to Tex. [+][+][+][+] _Leaves all or most of them opposite, 3-nerved (faintly in n. 15)._ [++] _Heads very small (about 4´´ broad); rays 5--8; scales few, short, irregularly imbricated, the outer with spreading foliaceous pointed tips; stems smooth._