Heads many-flowered; flowers all tubular, the marginal often much larger (as it were radiate) and sterile. Receptacle bristly. Involucre ovoid or globose, imbricated, the scales margined or appendaged. Achenes obovoid or oblong, attached obliquely at or near the base; pappus setose or partly chaffy or none.--Herbs with alternate leaves and single heads. (Named from the _Centaur_, Chiron, famous for his skill in healing.) [*] _Achenes terete, 10-dentate; pappus of 10 long bristles and 10 short inner ones._ C. BENEDÍCTA, L. Low branching annual, with clasping scarcely pinnatifid cut leaves, and large sessile leafy-bracted heads; flowers yellow. (Cnicus benedictus, _L._)--Roadsides and waste grounds, S. Atlantic States; rare. (Adv. from Eu.) [*][*] _Achenes compressed or 4-angled; pappus very short or none._ C. CỲANUS, L. (BLUEBOTTLE.) Scales of the globular involucre fringe-margined; _false rays large_; pappus very short; _leaves linear, entire_, or toothed at the base; root annual.--Roadsides, escaped from gardens. July.--Flowers blue, varying to purplish or white. (Adv. from Eu.) C. NÌGRA, L. (KNAPWEED.) Scales of the globular involucre appendaged, and with a black pectinately ciliate fringe; _rays wanting_; pappus very short; _leaves lanceolate_, entire, or the lower lyrate-toothed, rough; root perennial.--Waste places, E. New Eng. Aug.--Flowers purple. (Adv. from Eu.) C. CALCÍTRAPA, L. (STAR-THISTLE.) Stem diffusely much branched; _leaves pinnately lobed_ or spinulose-toothed; heads sessile, the middle _scales of the ovoid involucre spiny_; pappus none; flowers purple; root annual.--Seaports, N. Y., and southward. (Adv. from Eu.) C. JÁCEA, L. Like the last; heads rather larger, the brownish scale-appendages lacerate; rays conspicuous, palmate.--Charlotte, Vt. (_Pringle_); near N. Y., etc., on ballast. (Nat. from Eu.) 83. LÁMPSANA, Tourn. NIPPLE-WORT. Heads 8--12-flowered. Scales of the cylindrical involucre 8, erect, in one row. Receptacle naked. Achenes oblong; pappus none.--Slender branching annuals, with angled or toothed leaves, and loosely panicled small heads; flowers yellow. (The λαμψάνη of Dioscorides was evidently a wild Mustard.) L. COMMÙNIS, L. Nearly smooth, 1--2° high; lower leaves ovate, sometimes lyre-shaped.--Roadsides, N. Eng. to N. Y. and Penn. (Nat. from Eu.) 84. KRÍGIA, Schreber. DWARF DANDELION. Heads several--many-flowered. Involucral scales several, in about 2 rows, thin. Achenes short and truncate, top-shaped or columnar, terete or angled; pappus double, the outer of thin pointless chaffy scales, the inner of delicate bristles.--Small herbs, branched from the base; the leaves chiefly radical, lyrate or toothed; the small heads terminating the naked scapes or branches. Flowers yellow. (Named after _D. Krieg_, an early German botanical collector in this country.) § 1. KRIGIA proper. _Achenes turbinate, 5-angled; pappus of 5--7 short roundish chaff and as many alternating bristles. Annual._