When a tin lake is employed in the preparation of a sap colour, the precipitate obtained by adding stannic chloride to the solution of the colouring matter is washed, and, without drying, treated with a small quantity of strong ammonia; generally about 10 per cent. of the volume of the precipitate is sufficient to dissolve the lake. It is always better to leave a portion of the precipitate undissolved than to modify the colour by the addition of too much ammonia. The precipitate should be dissolved in a glass vessel; the liquid is well stirred, covered over, and allowed to stand until the undissolved portion of the precipitate has settled. The ammoniacal solution of the colouring matter cannot be concentrated by evaporation. Thus, before the precipitate is dissolved it must be well freed from water by long draining. To give the solution the proper consistency about an equal quantity of thick gum solution is added, and then sufficient starch to form a paste which can be rolled into thin sticks, which are then dried upon boards at a gentle heat. Sap colours are made in exactly the same way from any other colouring matter adapted to the purpose. In using these colours it is simply necessary to bring them into water; if they contain only gum and sugar in addition to colouring matter they completely dissolve, but if they contain starch the solution is incomplete. As a rule starch is only added to give the colour the consistency requisite for printing. Red sap colours can be made either from red wood lake or from cochineal carmine; the former is used in ammoniacal solution, the latter as a solution of the pure carmine in ammonia. The colour is prepared from red wood by allowing a decoction to stand for several days, adding 2 to 3 per cent. of alum, evaporating and thickening with gum solution. This colour is cheap, but cannot compare in beauty with that obtained by treating red wood tin lake with ammonia. The solution of genuine carmine in ammonia produces a sap colour which leaves nothing to be desired in regard to shade, but on account of the cost of carmine it can but rarely be used. A solution of pure indigo carmine mixed with gum solution is used as a blue sap colour; it can be shaded by additions of red or yellow colours. Chinese blue may be used instead of indigo carmine; it dissolves in a solution of oxalic acid. When Chinese blue, which has been thoroughly washed, is mixed whilst still moist with a little saturated oxalic acid solution, the blue dissolves, and the solution may then be made into a paste by the addition of thickening materials. Green sap colours are made, as a rule, by mixing yellow and blue. All shades can be thus obtained. A green colour of different composition is obtained by boiling the violet solution of chrome alum with gum solution until the colour changes to green. Violet colours are obtained by mixing red and blue. Sepia produces a brown sap colour.