The following method should be observed in examining pigments by means of the blowpipe. A quantity of the substance, about equal in volume to two grains of rice, is placed in a small hole cut by a knife in a piece of charcoal, where it is heated by the blowpipe flame. The behaviour of substances is different in the oxidising and reducing flames of the blowpipe. When a flame is blown out to a point by means of the blowpipe it may be seen that the flame consists of two conical portions, one inside the other. The inner is known as the reducing flame, because metallic oxides heated in it produce a bead of metal, or, as the change is chemically expressed, are reduced to metal. The outer cone has the opposite properties; metals melted in it are quickly changed into oxides by the action of the oxygen of the air, which has unrestricted access. In examining a pigment with the blowpipe the reducing flame is first used. The nature of the bead of metal, such as is readily obtained from lead pigments, often allows the composition of the substance to be recognised with certainty. If the behaviour of the bead of metal is not conclusive it is further heated in the oxidising flame. The metal is thus converted into oxide, which deposits on the charcoal, and by its colour and volatility or want of volatility enables the metal contained in the pigment to be determined. A solution of cobalt nitrate or chloride is used in testing for certain metallic oxides. The substances are moistened with a very dilute solution of one of these substances before heating. After they have been heated they show characteristic colours if certain oxides are present. Several metallic oxides give a characteristic colour when fused with borax. For this purpose a small loop is made at the end of a thin platinum wire; this is moistened and dipped in powdered anhydrous borax. On heating in the blowpipe flame the borax adhering to the wire melts to a colourless glass. In testing a pigment the transparent bead of borax is then dipped into the powder, and again fused in the blowpipe flame. It is of great importance in this test to fuse but a very small quantity of material in the borax bead; some metallic oxides have such great colouring power that, when too much is used, the bead appears quite black, so that its colour cannot be recognised. REACTIONS OF THE WHITE PIGMENTS. _On Heating on Charcoal_:—Lead pigments give a lead bead in the reducing flame, which is converted in the oxidising flame to lead oxide, forming a deposit on the charcoal surrounding the hole. Antimony white gives a brittle metallic bead in the reducing flame. This burns in the oxidising flame with the evolution of white vapours, and is at the same time covered by small shining crystals. Bismuth white in the oxidising flame gives a rainbow-coloured incrustation spreading far over the charcoal. Tin white gives a malleable metallic bead, converted by nitric acid into a white powder.