=Manufacture of White Lead by means of Natural Carbonic Acid.=—In districts where currents of carbonic acid gas issue from the ground, they can be used in the manufacture of white lead, and are actually utilised for this purpose. Natural carbonic acid may, of course, be used for any of the white lead processes. (d) ENGLISH PROCESS. In this process, now no longer in use, white lead was obtained by mixing litharge to a stiff paste with a weak solution of lead acetate and exposing the paste to the action of carbonic acid. By continually kneading the mass by means of grooved rollers or of rotating cylinders, through the hollow axis of which carbonic acid was led, the paste was thoroughly brought into contact with the carbonic acid. By this process a good product is only obtained when pure litharge, entirely free from the oxides of iron and copper, is used. The copper oxide may be removed from the litharge by means of ammonia if this can be obtained at a low price; but oxide of iron cannot be removed, and very small quantities of it are sufficient to impart a yellow tinge to the white lead. (e) OTHER METHODS. In Payen’s process the lead sulphate obtained in considerable quantities as a by-product in calico printing is the raw material employed. By treating this lead sulphate with a solution of ammonium or sodium carbonate, white lead and ammonium or sodium sulphate are produced. The white lead is then freed from the soluble salts by washing, mixed with a small quantity of lead acetate, and pressed into the drying moulds. By boiling lead sulphate with caustic soda and passing in carbonic acid (Puissant’s process), a white lead is obtained which differs considerably in composition from ordinary white lead. Many methods have been proposed with the object of converting insoluble lead salts, obtained as by-products or by an inexpensive process, by treatment with alkaline or alkaline earth carbonates, into white lead. The fact that none of these methods has obtained a permanent footing in the industry shows that each must be accompanied by serious defects, or can only be practicable under peculiar conditions.