In the preparation of colours liquids have often to be brought into the precipitating vessel which would attack the iron of the stirring apparatus, so that it is advisable to make the connecting rods between the two discs of such a length that the screws may be above the vessel. All iron parts of the apparatus dipping into the liquid should be protected by asphaltum varnish. When a specially heavy precipitate is to be washed, such as enamel white, chrome yellow or white lead, the stirrer is raised as high as possible before the commencement of the operation. When the precipitate has formed and settled, the liquid is run off, the water tap opened, and the stirrer slowly brought down to the precipitate; the brushes fastened to the crosspiece stir up first the top of the precipitate, then the next portions, and so on until the whole of the precipitate has been stirred up into the liquid. When this has been accomplished, the stirrer is kept going for some time, so that the water may take up as much of the soluble materials as possible; it is then raised out of the vessel, in which the precipitate again settles. As a rule, two or three washings of permanent white, in an apparatus of the construction described, are sufficient to render it quite free from acid. Washing must be continued until the wash water leaves blue litmus paper quite unchanged. When dry, precipitated barium sulphate is a very soft powder of great whiteness, which, on account of the fineness of its particles, can be readily ground with binding materials. Enamel white loses, in a remarkable manner when completely dry, a great portion of its covering power and of its valuable property of being easily ground with oil or size to a homogeneous paste. It is not known whether this alteration is caused by a molecular change of the barium sulphate, as is not altogether improbable. In order to preserve the valuable properties of enamel white it is not, as a rule, completely dried, but is brought into the market in the form of pulp, which is obtained by bringing the washed precipitate into strong linen bags and allowing the water to drop through. This object is more quickly accomplished when the last wash water is drawn off only to such a point that, when the precipitate is again mixed up by means of the stirrer, a thin paste is formed. This paste is run into a centrifugal machine, of which Fig. 22 is an illustration. In the drum, B, provided with an outflow, R, the smaller removable drum, C, with perforated walls, is caused to rotate by gearing, G, to which it is attached by the screw, V. The drum, C, is lined by a tight linen bag. [Illustration: FIG. 22.]