The best parchment is made from pure cellulose such as rag or chemical wood pulp. The quality of the parchment depends upon attention to the strength of the acid, the temperature of the acid bath, the period of immersion, the complete removal of the acid, and the careful drying of the wet parchment. [Illustration: FIG. 43.--Apparatus for making Parchment Paper.] The acid is employed at a strength of 1·71 specific gravity, being prepared by diluting the commercial concentrated acid in a leaden vessel, with a sufficient quantity of water. The parchment is generally prepared by passing a continuous sheet of paper through a bath of acid of the proper strength at a speed which ensures the correct period of immersion. As the treated paper leaves the bath it passes through squeezing rolls which remove the excess of acid, and the paper is then led through a series of tanks containing fresh water, the last traces of acid being neutralised by small additions of ammonia, or some alkali, to the last washing tank. The wet parchment is then passed through suitable rollers and carefully dried over cylinders heated internally by steam. The paper is kept perfectly stretched as it dries, because it shrinks enormously, and would otherwise become cockled and uneven. Thick sheets of parchment paper are frequently made by passing three sheets of paper through the acid bath and bringing them together between the rollers before washing. The sheets unite when pressed together; the remainder of the process being the same as that employed for single sheets. The parchment exhibits remarkable differences to the original paper, the strength being increased three or four times, the density about 30 per cent., the latter being shown by the shrinkage, which amounts to at least 30 per cent. _Vulcanised Paper._--Zinc chloride has the property of parchmentising paper in a manner similar to sulphuric acid. The product obtained when this reagent is used is generally termed vulcanised fibre. The paper is passed as a continuous sheet into a bath of strong zinc chloride, having a density of 160-170 Twaddell, which causes the cellulose to swell up and partly gelatinise. A very large excess of strong zinc chloride is necessary, and the process is only rendered commercially possible by careful recovery of the zinc from the washing waters, which are submitted to chemical treatment. The _vulcanised_ product is subsequently treated with nitric acid or with a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acids to render them waterproof. Dextrin is frequently employed to retard the chemical action to permit of the necessary manipulation of the material before it is finally washed. The complete removal of the excess of zinc and acid is a necessary feature of the whole operation.