The Mathematical Theory of RelativityEddington, Arthur Stanley, Sir
Science
The Mathematical Theory of Relativity
Eddington, Arthur Stanley, Sir
Relativity (Physics)
Let $A_{\mu}^{\nu}$~be a symmetrical in-tensor; its divergence~\Eq{(51.31)} becomes on
gauge-transformation
\begin{align*}
{A'}_{\mu\nu}^{\nu}
&= \frac{1}{\lambda^{4} \sqrt{-g}}\, \frac{\dd}{\dd x_{\nu}} (A_{\mu}^{\nu} \lambda^{4} \sqrt{-g})
- \tfrac{1}{2} (\lambda^{-2} A^{\alpha\beta})\, \frac{\dd}{\dd x_{\mu}} (\lambda^{2} g_{\alpha\beta}) \\
&= \frac{1}{\sqrt{-g}}\, \frac{\dd}{\dd x_{\nu}} (A_{\mu}^{\nu}\sqrt{-g})
%[** TN: Not broken in the original]
\begin{aligned}[t]
&- \tfrac{1}{2} A^{\alpha\beta}\, \frac{\dd g_{\alpha\beta}}{\dd x_{\mu}}
+ A_{\mu}^{\nu} · \frac{1}{\lambda^{4}}\, \frac{\dd\lambda^{4}}{\dd x_{\nu}} \\
&- \tfrac{1}{2} A^{\alpha\beta} g_{\alpha\beta} · \frac{1}{\lambda^{2}}\, \frac{\dd\lambda^{2}}{\dd x_{\mu}}
\end{aligned} \\
&= A_{\mu\nu}^{\nu} + 4A_{\mu}^{\nu} \phi_{\nu} - A\phi_{\mu}.
\end{align*}
Hence by~\Eq{(85.52)} the quantity
\[
\Star{A}_{\mu\nu}^{\nu} = A_{\mu\nu}^{\nu} - 4A_{\mu}^{\nu} \kappa_{\nu} + A\kappa_{\mu}
\Tag{(86.4)}
\]
is unaltered by any gauge-transformation, and is accordingly an in-vector.
This operation may be called in-covariant differentiation, and the result is
the in-divergence.
The result is modified if $A^{\mu\nu}$~is the in-tensor, so that $A_{\mu}^{\nu}$~is a co-tensor. The
different associated tensors are not equally fundamental in Weyl's geometry,
since only one of them can be an in-tensor.
Unless expressly stated a final suffix will indicate ordinary covariant (not
in-covariant) differentiation.
\PageSep{204}
\Section{87.}{The generalised Riemann-Christoffel tensor}
\index{Riemann-Christoffel tensor!generalisation of}%
Corresponding to~\Eq{(34.4)} we write
\[
\Star{B}_{\mu\nu\sigma}^{\epsilon}
\!=\! -\frac{\dd}{\dd x_{\sigma}} \Star{\{\mu\nu, \epsilon\}}
+ \Star{\{\mu\sigma, \alpha\}} \Star{\{\alpha\nu, \epsilon\}}
+ \frac{\dd}{\dd x_{\nu}} \Star{\{\mu\sigma, \epsilon\}}
- \Star{\{\mu\nu, \alpha\}} \Star{\{\alpha\sigma, \epsilon\}}.
\Tag{(87.1)}
\]
This will be an in-tensor since the starred symbols are all independent of
the gauge; and it will be evident when we reach~\Eq{(87.4)} that the generalisation
has not destroyed the ordinary tensor properties.
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