Of the 15 gods of the codices classified by Schellhas five may be
recognized in this area with a fair degree of certainty. God A, the god
of death, in the form of a human skull, decorates the outside of not
a few small pottery vessels, and is depicted upon the painted stucco
wall at Santa Rita. God B, the long-nosed god, is usually identified
with Cuculcan. Representations of this god are found throughout the
whole area in great abundance, painted upon pottery and stucco,
incised on bone and stone, and modeled in clay. This god is associated
with the cities of Chichen Itza and Mayapan, and is supposed to have
entered Yucatan from the west; indeed it is possible that he may
originally have been the leader of one of the Maya immigrations from
that direction. He appears to have been by far the most popular and
generally worshiped deity in this area, and it is his image which is
found on nearly half of all the incense burners discovered. God D,
probably Itzamna, appears in the codices as an old man with a Roman
nose, shrunken cheeks, toothless jaws, and a peculiar scroll-like
ornament beneath the eye, to the lower border of which are attached
two or three small circles. In some representations a single tooth
projects from the upper jaw, and in a few the face is bearded. This
god is not infrequently found associated with the serpent. A typical
representation of him is seen upon the Santa Rita temple wall;[19]
here he is depicted standing upon intertwined serpents, holding in his
right hand a feather-plumed serpent. This god is represented upon some
incense burners, and is found not infrequently associated with Cuculcan.
God K, the god with an elaborate foliated nose, often closely
associated with God B, his face in some cases forming the headdress
ornament of the latter god, is unmistakably depicted upon the Santa
Rita temple wall.[20] God P, the Frog god, is found on some small
pottery vases, and on a few incense burners. Nothing found in the
mounds proves definitely the practice of human sacrifice in this area,
but that it existed is almost certain, as Villagutierre refers to it as
prevalent among the Itza of Peten at the time of their conquest,[21] at
the end of the seventeenth century, and Landa mentions it as occurring
among the Maya at the time of the coming of the Spaniards.[22] Near
the headwaters of the Rio Hondo a mound was opened, which contained,
in a stone-walled chamber, a number of human skulls unaccompanied by
other bones. It is possible that these may have been the remains of
sacrificial victims, as it was customary to remove the head of the
victim after death, which became the perquisite of the priests.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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