Some of the most interesting examples of dicotyledonous leaves that have come under my notice, are from the Sub-Apennine tertiary strata, at Stradella, near Pavia. They belong to several genera of arborescent, or at least ligneous plants, and most of them to species which still grow in Italy. In some examples the substance of the leaves is changed into carbon, and the structure well preserved; but, in general, sharp imprints on the stone are the only traces of the originals. They are found in a gypseous marl, of a cream colour; and, from their perfect state, it is inferred that they were enveloped in the soft matrix immediately after their fall, and preserved by the rapid crystallization of the gypsum. Two specimens from my cabinet are figured in _Plate III._ _figs._ 4 and 8; and outlines of a few other examples, in _Lign. 68_. Carpolithes (_Fossil Fruits_).--In the description of the fossil fruits from the Isle of Sheppey, several kinds of dicotyledons were included. Many species also abound in the lignites of Germany, France, and Italy; in those near Frankfort, seed-vessels of the Maple, Elm, Hornbeam, Birch, Willow, and Walnut, &c. In the environs of Turin, fruits of a species of Walnut (_Juglans_, _Lign. 67_), occur in the newer tertiary deposits, and are called Turin-nuts; the ligneous envelope has perished, but the form of its surface, and of the inclosed kernel, is preserved in calcareous spar. These nuts differ, both in the pericarp and kernel, from the living species: the lobes are simple (_Lign. 67, fig. 4^b_), and not subdivided as in the common walnut; a species has been discovered at Lons-le-Saulnier, in which the lobes are mamillated. Two kinds of fruits belonging to plants of the order _Ranunculaceæ_, and related to _Thalictrum_ (_Meadow-rue_), have been found in the eocene deposits of France and England; one in the Paris basin, (_meulière du terrain d'eau douce supérieur_,) by M. Alexandre Brongniart, and the other in the Isle of Wight, by Mr. Webster. In the specimen from the last-named locality the pericarp is carbonized, and its cavity filled with clay. Figures of these seed-vessels are given in _Lign. 67, figs. 1, 2_.