"Having passed the tombs of the Caliphs, just beyond the gates of Cairo, we proceed to the southward nearly at right angles to the road, across the Desert to Suez: and after travelling some ten miles up a low barren valley covered with sand, gravel, and sea-shells, fresh as if the tide had retired but yesterday, we cross a low range of sand-hills, which has for some distance run parallel to our path. The scene now presented is beyond conception singular and desolate. Heaps of fragments of large trees converted into stone everywhere meet the eye, and when struck by our horses' hoofs rang like cast iron; they extend for miles in the form of a decayed and prostrate forest; and the appearance is so natural, that were it in Scotland or Ireland, it would pass without remark as a drained bog, on which the exhumed trees lay rotting in the sun. The roots, and rudiments of the branches, are in many cases nearly perfect, and in some the worm-holes eaten under the bark are distinctly recognizable."[178] [178] Bombay Times. Many of the trunks are scattered over the surface, among rolled and angular fragments of dark grit, and pebbles of jasper,[179] chert, and quartz. The large trunks occur in great numbers on dark-coloured knolls, where they lie, like the broken stems of a prostrate forest, crossing each other at various angles. Two of the largest measured respectively forty-eight, and sixty feet in length, and two and a half, and three feet in diameter, at the base. With but two or three exceptions, all the specimens examined microscopically, are dicotyledons. No traces of seed-vessels or leaves have been detected. [179] The jaspers are known to lapidaries as _Egyptian Pebbles_. The situation and condition of these petrified forests, indicate great changes in the relative position of the land and sea in that part of Egypt; for the trees must have grown on the dry land formed by the elevated bottom of a former ocean; which must have subsided, and been covered by beds of sand and pebbles; another elevatory movement must have raised the entire series of deposits to their present situation, and the retiring waters have removed the loose portions of the last formed strata, and dispersed them, with fragments of the silicified trees, over the surface of the Egyptian and Lybian deserts.[180] [180] See a Memoir on the Geology of Egypt, Geol. Proc. vol. iii. p. 782; and on the Petrified Forest near Cairo, vol. iv. p. 349, by Lieut. Newbold, F.R.S. [Sidenote: DICOTYLEDONOUS OF THE CRETACEOUS EPOCH.] Dicotyledons of the Cretaceous Epoch.--Among the crowd of interesting facts relating to the botanical character of the earlier periods of geology which recent observations have brought to light, one discovery demands especial notice, and I have reserved it for this place, rather than introduce it in an earlier section.