[_Bibliographical Note._--The best recent accounts of the Feast of Fools as a whole are those of G. M. Dreves in _Stimmen aus Maria-Laach_ (1894), xlvii. 571, and Heuser in Wetzer and Welte, _Kirchenlexicon_ (ed. 2), iv. 1402, s. v. _Feste_ (2), and an article in _Zeitschrift für Philosophie und katholische Theologie_ (Bonn, 1850), N. F. xi. 2. 161. There is also a summary by F. Loliée in _Revue des Revues_, xxv (1898), 400. The articles by L. J. B. Bérenger-Féraud in _Superstitions et Survivances_ (1896), vol. iv, and in _La Tradition_, viii. 153; ix. 1 are unscholarly compilations. A pamphlet by J. X. Carré de Busserolle, published in 1859, I have not been able to see; another, or a reprint of the same, was promised in his series of _Usages singuliers de Touraine_, but as far as I know never appeared. Of the older learning the interest is mainly polemical in J. Deslyons, _Traitez singuliers et nouveaux contre le Paganisme du Roy-boit_ (1670); J. B. Thiers, _De Festorum Dierum Imminutione_ (1668), c. 48; _Traité des Jeux et des Divertissemens_ (1686), c. 33; and historical in Du Tilliot, _Mémoires pour servir à l’Histoire de la Fête des Foux_ (1741 and 1751); F. Douce, in _Archaeologia_, xv. 225; M. J. R[igollot] et C. L[eber], _Monnaies inconnues des Évêques des Innocens, des Fous, &c._ (1837). Vols. ix and x of C. Leber, _Collection des meilleurs Dissertations, &c., relatifs à l’Histoire de France_ (1826 and 1838), contain various treatises on the subject, some of them, by the Abbé Lebeuf and others, from the _Mercure de France_. A. de Martonne, _La Piété du Moyen Âge_ (1855), 202, gives a useful bibliographical list. The collection of material in Ducange’s _Glossary_, s.vv. _Deposuit_, _Festum Asini_, _Kalendae_, &c., is invaluable. Authorities of less general range are quoted in the footnotes to this chapter: the most important is A. Chérest’s account of the Sens feast in _Bulletin de la Soc. des Sciences de l’Yonne_ (1853), vol. vii. Chérest used a collection of notes by E. Baluze (1630-1718) which are in _MS. Bibl. Nat._ 1351 (cf. _Bibl. de l’École des Chartes_, xxxv. 267). Dom. Grenier (1725-89) wrote an account of the Picardy feasts, in his _Introduction à l’Histoire de Picardie_ (_Soc. des Antiquaires de Picardie, Documens inédits_ (1856), iii. 352). But many of his _probata_ remain in his _MSS. Picardie_ in the _Bibl. Nat._ (cf. _Bibl. de l’École des Chartes_, xxxii. 275). Some of this material was used by Rigollot for the book named above.]