It will be noticed that the range of the Feast of Fools in France, so far as I have come across it, seems markedly to exclude the west and south-west of the country. I have not been able to verify an alleged exception at Bordeaux[1123]. Possibly there is some ethnographical reason for this. But on the whole, I am inclined to think that it is an accident, and that a more complete investigation would disclose a sufficiency of examples in this area. Outside France, the Feast of Fools is of much less importance. The Spanish disciplinary councils appear to make no specific mention of it, although they know the cognate feast of the Boy Bishop, and more than once prohibit _ludi_, _choreae_, and so forth, in general terms[1124]. In Germany, again, I do not know of a case in which the term ‘Fools’ is used. But the feast itself occurs sporadically. As early as the twelfth century, Herrad von Landsberg, abbess of Hohenburg, complained that miracle-plays, such as that of the _Magi_, instituted on Epiphany and its octave by the Fathers of the Church, had given place to licence, buffoonery and quarrelling. The priests came into the churches dressed as knights, to drink and play in the company of courtesans[1125]. A Mosburg _Gradual_ of 1360 contains a series of _cantiones_ compiled and partly written by the dean John von Perchausen for use when the _scholarium episcopus_ was chosen at the Nativity[1126]. Some of these, however, are shown by their headings or by internal evidence to belong rather to a New Year’s day feast, than to one on Innocents’ day[1127]. A _festum baculi_ is mentioned and an _episcopus_ or _praesul_ who is chosen and enthroned. One carol has the following refrain[1128]: ‘gaudeamus et psallamus novo praesuli ad honorem et decorem sumpti baculi.’ Another is so interesting, for its classical turn, and for the names which it gives to the ‘bishop’ and his crew that I quote it in full[1129]. 1. Gregis pastor Tityrus, asinorum dominus, noster est episcopus. R^o. eia, eia, eia, vocant nos ad gaudia Tityri cibaria. 2. ad honorem Tityri, festum colant baculi satrapae et asini. R^o. eia, eia, eia, vocant nos ad gaudia; Tityri cibaria. 3. applaudamus Tityro cum melodis organo, cum chordis et tympano. 4. veneremur Tityrum, qui nos propter baculum invitat ad epulum. The reforms of the council of Basle were adopted for Germany by the Emperor Albrecht II in the _Instrumentum Acceptationis_ of Mainz in 1439. In 1536 the council of Cologne, quoting the decretal of Innocent III, condemned _theatrales ludi_ in churches. A Cologne _Ritual_ preserves an account of the sub-deacons’ feast upon the octave of Epiphany[1130]. The sub-deacons were _hederaceo serto coronati_. Tapers were lit, and a _rex_ chosen, who acted as _hebdomarius_ from first to second Vespers. Carols were sung, as at Mosburg[1131].