But the parallel between Kalends and the Feast of Fools cannot be held to be quite perfect, unless we can trace in the latter feast that most characteristic of all Kalends customs, the _Cervulus_. Is it possible that a representative of the _Cervulus_ is to be found in the Ass, who, whether introduced from Constantinople or not, gave to the Feast of Fools one of its popular names? The Feast of Asses has been the sport of controversialists who had not, and were at no great pains to have, the full facts before them. I do not propose to awake once more these ancient angers[1160]. The facts themselves are briefly these. The ‘Prose of the Ass’ was used at Bourges, at Sens, and at Beauvais. As to the Bourges feast I have no details. At Sens, the use of the Prose by Pierre de Corbeil is indeed no proof that he allowed an ass to appear in the ceremony. But the Prose would not have much point unless it was at least a survival from a time when an ass did appear; the feast was known as the _asinaria festa_; and even now, three centuries after it was abolished, the Sens choir-boys still play at being _âne_ archbishop on Innocents’ day[1161]. At Beauvais the heading _Conductus quando asinus adducitur_ in the thirteenth-century _Officium_ seems to show that there at least the ass appeared, and even entered the church. The document, also of the thirteenth century, quoted by the editors of Ducange, certainly brings him, in the ceremony of January 14, into the church and near the altar. An imitation of his braying is introduced into the service itself. At Autun the leading of an ass _ad processionem_, and the _cantilena super dictum asinum_ were suppressed in 1411. At Châlons-sur-Marne in 1570 an ass bore the ‘bishop’ to the theatre at the church door only. At Prague, on the other hand, towards the end of the fourteenth century, an ass was led, as at Beauvais, right into the church. These, with doubtful references to _fêtes des ânes_ at St. Quentin about 1081, at Béthune in 1474, and at Laon in 1527, and the Mosburg description of the ‘bishop’ as _asinorum dominus_, are all the cases I have found in which an ass has anything to do with the feast. But they are enough to prove that an ass was an early and widespread, though not an invariable feature. I may quote here a curious survival in a _ronde_ from the west of France, said to have been sung at church doors on January 1[1162]. It is called _La Mort de l’Âne_, and begins: ‘Quand le bonhomme s’en va, Quand le bonhomme s’en va, Trouvit la tête à son âne, Que le loup mangit au bois. _Parlé._ O tête, pauvre tête, Tâ qui chantas si bé _L’Magnificat_ à Vêpres. Daux matin à quat’ leçons, La sambredondon, bredondaine, Daux matin à quat’ léçons, La sambredondon.’