[74] Salvian, vi. 31 ‘quae est enim in baptismo salutari Christianorum prima confessio? quae scilicet nisi ut renuntiare se diabolo ac pompis eius et spectaculis atque operibus protestentur?’ The natural interpretation of this is that the word ‘spectaculis’ actually occurred in the _formula abrenuntiationis_. Was this so? It was not when Tertullian wrote (†200). He gives the _formula_ as ‘renunciare diabolo et pompae et angelis eius,’ and goes on to argue that visiting ‘spectacula’ amounts to ‘idolatria,’ or worship of the ‘diabolus’ (_de Spectaculis_, c. 4). Nor is the word used in any of the numerous versions of the _formula_ given by Schaff, iii. 248; Duchesne, 293; Martene, i. 44; Martin von Bracara, _de Caeremoniis_ (ed. Caspari), c. 15. [75] Salvian, vi. 69, 87. [76] Augustine, _de Cons. Evang._ i. 33 (_P. L._ xxxiv. 1068) ‘per omnes pene civitates cadunt theatra ... cadunt et fora vel moenia, in quibus demonia colebantur. Unde enim cadunt, nisi inopia rerum, quarum lascivo et sacrilego usu constructa sunt.’ [77] This point was made also by Chrysostom in the Easter-day sermon, already cited on p. 15. [78] Salvian, vi. 39, 42, 49. [79] Sidonius, _Ep._ i. 10. 2 ‘vereor autem ne famem Populi Romani theatralis caveae fragor insonet et infortunio meo publica deputetur esuries’; cf. _Ep._ i. 5. 10. [80] Sidonius, _Carm._ xxiii. 263 (†460); cf. _Ep._ ix. 13. 5. [81] Cassiodorus, _Variae_, iii. 51 ‘quantum histrionibus rara constantia honestumque votum, tanto pretiosior est, cum in eis probabilis monstratur affectus’; this is illustrated by the conduct of one ‘Thomas Auriga’; _Var._ ii. 8 ‘Sabinus auriga ... quamvis histrio honesta nos supplicatione permovit’; _Var._ vi. 4 ‘tanta enim est vis gloriosae veritatis, ut etiam in rebus scenicis aequitas desideretur.’ [82] Schaff, v. 122; Dill, 55. The rescript of Constantine is _C. Th._ xv. 12. 1 ‘cruenta spectacula in otio civili et domestica quiete non placent; quapropter omnino gladiatores esse prohibemus (325).’ [83] Cassiodorus, _Var._ iv. 51. Of the mime is said ‘mimus etiam, qui nunc modo derisui habetur, tanta Philistionis cautela repertus est ut eius actus poneretur in litteris’ (cf. p. 4, n. 1); of the pantomime, ‘orchestrarum loquacissimae manus, linguosi digiti, silentium clamosum, expositio tacita.’ [84] Cassiodorus, _Var._ i. 20, 31-3. [85] Cf. Appendix A. [86] Cassiodorus, _Var._ ix. 21 ‘opes nostras scaenicis pro populi oblectatione largimur.’